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Wiki Update 9 - Speed (#10173)
* Improve initial layer speed documentation Expanded explanations for initial layer speed settings, including benefits of slower first layers, detailed descriptions for each speed parameter, and added an illustrative image for the 'number of slow layers' setting. * Update Volumetric speed calib + images * Update speed_settings_other_layers_speed.md * Improved MVFS descriptions Co-Authored-By: dewi-ny-je <2866139+dewi-ny-je@users.noreply.github.com> Co-Authored-By: MxBrnr <142743732+mxbrnr@users.noreply.github.com> Co-Authored-By: Rodrigo <162915171+RF47@users.noreply.github.com> * Clarify bed temperature effects * MVF images from 14 to 19 To match description * Update temp-calib.md * Expand and clarify temperature calibration guide Added a standard temperature ranges table for common 3D printing materials, clarified and expanded sections on bed and chamber temperature, and improved formatting and tips for optimal print quality. Co-Authored-By: dewi-ny-je <2866139+dewi-ny-je@users.noreply.github.com> * Update links for acceleration and jerk settings * Small perimeters * Update speed_settings_other_layers_speed.md * Add reference to ironing speed settings * Update overhang speed * Add travel speed illustration * Update avoid crossing * Update speed_settings_acceleration.md * Update speed_settings_overhang_speed.md * Update speed_settings_acceleration.md * Update speed_settings_jerk_xy.md * Update speed_settings_jerk_xy.md * Update ERS documentation and replace images with PNGs * Seam Aligned Back * Copilot FIX Co-Authored-By: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com> --------- Co-authored-by: dewi-ny-je <2866139+dewi-ny-je@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: MxBrnr <142743732+mxbrnr@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Rodrigo <162915171+RF47@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
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Ian Bassi
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In FDM 3D printing, the temperature is a critical factor that affects the quality of the print.
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There is no other calibration that can have such a big impact on the print quality as temperature calibration.
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- [Standard Temperature Ranges](#standard-temperature-ranges)
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- [Nozzle Temp tower](#nozzle-temp-tower)
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- [Bed Temperature](#bed-temperature)
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- [Chamber Temperature](#chamber-temperature)
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## Standard Temperature Ranges
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| Material | [Nozzle Temp (°C)](#nozzle-temp-tower) | [Bed Temp (°C)](#bed-temperature) | [Chamber Temp (°C)](#chamber-temperature) |
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|:------------:|:--------------------------------------:|:---------------------------------:|:-----------------------------------------:|
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| PLA | 180-220 | 50-60 | Ambient |
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| ABS | 230-250 | 90-100 | 50-70 |
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| ASA | 240-260 | 90-100 | 50-70 |
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| Nylon 6 | 230-260 | 90-110 | 70-100 |
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| Nylon 12 | 225-260 | 90-110 | 70-100 |
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| TPU | 220-245 | 40-60 | Ambient |
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| PC | 270-310 | 100-120 | 80-100 |
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| PC-ABS | 260-280 | 95-110 | 60-80 |
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| HIPS | 220-250 | 90-110 | 50-70 |
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| PP | 220-270 | 80-105 | 40-70 |
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| Acetal (POM) | 210-240 | 100-130 | 70-100 |
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## Nozzle Temp tower
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Nozzle temperature is one of the most important settings to calibrate for a successful print. The temperature of the nozzle affects the viscosity of the filament, which in turn affects how well it flows through the nozzle and adheres to the print bed. If the temperature is too low, the filament may not flow properly, leading to under-extrusion, poor layer adhesion and stringing. If the temperature is too high, the filament may degrade, over-extrude and produce stringing.
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@@ -11,21 +32,38 @@ Nozzle temperature is one of the most important settings to calibrate for a succ
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Temp tower is a straightforward test. The temp tower is a vertical tower with multiple blocks, each printed at a different temperature. Once the print is complete, we can examine each block of the tower and determine the optimal temperature for the filament. The optimal temperature is the one that produces the highest quality print with the least amount of issues, such as stringing, layer adhesion, warping (overhang), and bridging.
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Temp tower is a straightforward test. The temp tower is a vertical tower with multiple blocks, each printed at a different temperature.
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Once the print is complete, we can examine each block of the tower and determine the optimal temperature for the filament. The optimal temperature is the one that produces the highest quality print with the least amount of issues, such as stringing, layer adhesion, warping (overhang), and bridging.
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## Bed temperature
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> [!NOTE]
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> If a range of temperatures looks good, you may want to use the middle of that range as the optimal temperature.
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> But if you are planning to print at higher [speeds](speed_settings_other_layers_speed)/[flow rates](volumetric-speed-calib), you may want to use the higher end of that range as the optimal temperature.
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Bed temperature is another important setting to calibrate for a successful print. The bed temperature affects the adhesion of the filament to the print bed, which in turn affects the overall quality of the print. If the bed temperature is too low, the filament may not adhere properly to the print bed, leading to warping and poor layer adhesion. If the bed temperature is too high, the filament may become too soft and lose its shape, leading to over-extrusion and poor layer adhesion.
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## Bed Temperature
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This setting doesn't have a specific test, but it is recommended to start with the recommended bed temperature for the filament and adjust it based on the filament manufacturer's recommendations.
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Bed temperature plays a crucial role in ensuring proper filament adhesion to the build surface, which directly impacts both print success and quality.
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Most materials have a relatively broad optimal range for bed temperature (typically +/-5°C).
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In general, following the manufacturer’s recommendations, maintaining a clean bed (free from oils or fingerprints), ensuring a stable [chamber temperature](#chamber-temperature), and having a properly leveled bed will produce reliable results.
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## Chamber temperature
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- If the bed temperature is too low, the filament may fail to adhere properly, leading to warping, weak layer bonding, or complete detachment. In severe cases, the printed part may dislodge entirely and stick to the nozzle or other printer components, potentially causing mechanical damage.
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- If the bed temperature is too high, the lower layers can overheat and soften excessively, resulting in deformation such as [elephant foot](quality_settings_precision#elephant-foot-compensation).
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Chamber temperature can affect the print quality, especially for high-temperature filaments. A heated chamber can help to maintain a consistent temperature throughout the print, reducing the risk of warping and improving layer adhesion. However, it is important to monitor the chamber temperature to ensure that it does not exceed the recommended temperature for the filament being used.
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> [!TIP]
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> As a general guideline, you can use the [glass transition temperature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_transition) (Tg) of the material and subtract 5–10 °C to estimate a safe upper limit for bed temperature.
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> See [this article](https://magigoo.com/blog/prevent-warping-temperature-and-first-layer-adhesion-magigoo/) for a detailed explanation.
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> [!NOTE]
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> For challenging prints involving materials with **high shrinkage** (e.g., nylons or polycarbonate) or geometries prone to warping, dialed-in settings are critical.
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> In these cases, [chamber temperature](#chamber-temperature) becomes a **major factor** in preventing detachment and ensuring print success.
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## Chamber Temperature
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Chamber temperature can affect the print quality, especially for high-temperature filaments.
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A heated chamber can help to maintain a consistent temperature throughout the print, reducing the risk of warping and improving layer adhesion. However, it is important to monitor the chamber temperature to ensure that it does not exceed the filament's deformation temperature.
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See: [Chamber temperature printer settings](Chamber-temperature)
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> [!NOTE]
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> [!IMPORTANT]
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> Low temperature Filaments like PLA can clog the nozzle if the chamber temperature is too high.
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# Max Volumetric Speed (FlowRate) Calibration
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This is a test designed to calibrate the maximum volumetric speed of the specific filament. The generic or 3rd party filament types may not have the correct volumetric flow rate set in the filament. This test will help you to find the maximum volumetric speed of the filament.
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Each material profile includes a **maximum volumetric speed** setting, which limits your [print speed](speed_settings_other_layers_speed) to prevent issues like nozzle clogs, under-extrusion, or poor layer adhesion.
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This value varies depending on your **material**, **machine**, **nozzle diameter**, and even your **extruder setup**, so it’s important to calibrate it for your specific printer and each filament you use.
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> [!NOTE]
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> Even for the same material type (e.g., PLA), the **brand** and **color** can significantly affect the maximum flow rate.
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> [!TIP]
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> If you're planning to increase speed or flow, it’s a good idea to **increase your nozzle temperature**, preferably toward the higher end of the recommended range for your filament. Use a [temperature tower calibration](temp-calib#nozzle-temp-tower) to find that range.
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## Calibration Overview
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You will be prompted to enter the settings for the test: start volumetric speed, end volumetric speed, and step. It is recommended to use the default values (5mm³/s start, 20mm³/s end, with a step of 0.5), unless you already have an idea of the lower or upper limit for your filament. Select "OK", slice the plate, and send it to the printer.
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Once printed, take note of where the layers begin to fail and where the quality begins to suffer. Pay attention to changes from matte to shiny as well.
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Once printed, take note of where the layers begin to fail and where the quality begins to suffer.
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> [!TIP]
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> A **change in surface sheen** (glossy vs. matte) is often a visual cue of material degradation or poor layer adhesion.
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Using calipers or a ruler, measure the height of the print at that point. Use the following calculation to determine the correct max flow value: `start + (height-measured * step)` . For example in the photo below, and using the default setting values, the print quality began to suffer at 19mm measured, so the calculation would be: `5 + (19 * 0.5)` , or `13mm³/s` using the default values. Enter your number into the "Max volumetric speed" value in the filament settings.
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Use calipers or a ruler to measure the **height** of the model just before the defects begin.
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You can also return to OrcaSlicer in the "Preview" tab, make sure the color scheme "flow" is selected. Scroll down to the layer height that you measured, and click on the toolhead slider. This will indicate the max flow level for your filament.
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Then you can:
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- Use the following formula
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```math
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Filament Max Volumetric Speed = start + (height-measured * step)
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```
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In this case (19mm), so the calculation would be: `5 + (19 * 0.5) = 14.5mm³/s`
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- Use OrcaSlicer in the "Preview" tab, make sure the color scheme "flow" is selected. Scroll down to the layer height that you measured, and click on the toolhead slider. This will indicate the max flow level for your filament.
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After you have determined the maximum volumetric speed, you can set it in the filament settings. This will ensure that the printer does not exceed the maximum flow rate for the filament.
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> [!NOTE]
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> You may also choose to conservatively reduce the flow by 5-10% to ensure print quality.
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> This test is a best case scenario and doesn't take into account Retraction or other settings that can increase clogs or under-extrusion.
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> You may want to reduce the flow by 10%-20% (or even further) to ensure print quality/strength.
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> **Printing at high volumetric speed can lead to poor layer adhesion or even clogs in the nozzle.**
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> [!TIP]
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> @ItsDeidara has made a html to help with the calculation. Check it out if those equations give you a headache [here](https://github.com/ItsDeidara/Orca-Slicer-Assistant).
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