fix: clang-tidy

Unknown options and missing option values now stop the script instead of being ignored.

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ option(SLIC3R_ASAN              "Enable ASan on Clang and GCC" 0)
 
 # Python stubgen module
 option(ORCA_BUILD_PYTHON_STUBGEN_MODULE "Build importable Python module for pybind11-stubgen" ON)
+option(ORCA_BUILD_PLUGIN_PERMISSION_PROBE "Build the headless Python plugin permission probe (developer tool)" OFF)
 set(ORCA_BUNDLED_UV_EXECUTABLE "" CACHE FILEPATH "Path to a uv executable to bundle for Python package installation. Leave empty to auto-download.")
 
 # Auto-download uv if not provided by the user.

build_release_macos.sh

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ while getopts ":dpa:snt:xbc:i:j:Tuh" opt; do
     u )
         export BUILD_TARGET="universal"
         ;;
-    h ) echo "Usage: ./build_release_macos.sh [-d]"
+    h ) echo "Usage: ./build_release_macos.sh [-d] [-- CMAKE_ARGS...]"
         echo "   -d: Build deps only"
         echo "   -a: Set ARCHITECTURE (arm64 or x86_64 or universal)"
         echo "   -s: Build slicer only"
@@ -60,13 +60,33 @@ while getopts ":dpa:snt:xbc:i:j:Tuh" opt; do
         echo "   -i: Add a prefix to ignore during CMake dependency discovery (repeatable), defaults to /opt/local:/usr/local:/opt/homebrew"
         echo "   -j: Set the number of parallel build jobs (CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL)"
         echo "   -T: Build and run tests (set ORCA_TESTS_BUILD_ONLY=1 to build without running)"
+        echo "   -- CMAKE_ARGS...: pass everything after '--' to the cmake configure step of the deps (-d) and slicer (-s) builds,"
+        echo "       e.g. -DDESTDIR=<dir> for the deps, -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=<dir>/usr/local -DSLIC3R_PCH=OFF for the slicer, --fresh."
+        echo "       They come last on the cmake command line. Use absolute paths: cmake runs in the build directory."
         exit 0
         ;;
+    : )
+        echo "Option -${OPTARG} requires an argument, aborting."
+        exit 1
+        ;;
     * )
+        echo "Unknown option -${OPTARG}, aborting. CMake arguments must follow '--'."
+        exit 1
         ;;
   esac
 done
 
+# getopts stops at '--'; whatever follows is handed to cmake unchanged.
+if [[ ${OPTIND} -le $# ]] ; then
+    separator_index=$((OPTIND-1))
+    if [[ "${!separator_index}" != "--" ]] ; then
+        echo "Unexpected argument '${!OPTIND}': cmake arguments must follow '--', aborting."
+        exit 1
+    fi
+fi
+shift $((OPTIND-1))
+EXTRA_CMAKE_ARGS=("$@")
+
 # Set defaults
 
 if [ -z "$ARCH" ]; then
@@ -211,7 +231,8 @@ function build_deps() {
                         -DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET="${OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}" \
                         -DCMAKE_IGNORE_PREFIX_PATH="${CMAKE_IGNORE_PREFIX_PATH}" \
                         "${CMAKE_CCACHE_ARGS[@]}" \
-                        ${CMAKE_POLICY_COMPAT}
+                        ${CMAKE_POLICY_COMPAT} \
+                        "${EXTRA_CMAKE_ARGS[@]}"
                 fi
                 cmake --build . --config "$BUILD_CONFIG" --target deps
             )
@@ -314,7 +335,8 @@ function build_slicer() {
                     -DCMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET="${OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}" \
                     -DCMAKE_IGNORE_PREFIX_PATH="${CMAKE_IGNORE_PREFIX_PATH}" \
                     "${CMAKE_CCACHE_ARGS[@]}" \
-                    ${CMAKE_POLICY_COMPAT}
+                    ${CMAKE_POLICY_COMPAT} \
+                    "${EXTRA_CMAKE_ARGS[@]}"
             fi
             cmake --build . --config "$BUILD_CONFIG" --target "$SLICER_BUILD_TARGET"
         )

localization/i18n/list.txt

@@ -366,6 +366,7 @@ src/slic3r/Utils/MoonrakerPrinterAgent.cpp
 src/slic3r/Utils/BBLNetworkPlugin.cpp
 src/slic3r/Utils/OrcaCloudServiceAgent.cpp
 src/slic3r/plugin/PluginAuditManager.cpp
+src/slic3r/plugin/PluginAuditManagerGui.cpp
 src/slic3r/plugin/PluginConfig.cpp
 src/slic3r/plugin/PluginResolver.cpp
 src/slic3r/plugin/CloudPluginService.cpp

scripts/run_gettext.bat

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ if %FULL_MODE%==1 (
     call :prepareGettextList "%list_file%" "%filtered_list%" "%missing_list%"
     if "!has_sources!"=="1" (
         if not exist "%generated_i18n%" mkdir "%generated_i18n%"
-        .\tools\xgettext.exe --keyword=L --keyword=_L --keyword=_u8L --keyword=L_CONTEXT:1,2c --keyword=_L_CONTEXT:1,2c --keyword=_u8L_CONTEXT:1,2c --keyword=_L_PLURAL:1,2 --add-comments=TRN --from-code=UTF-8 --no-location --debug --boost --no-wrap -f "%filtered_list%" -o "%generated_pot%"
+        .\tools\xgettext.exe --keyword=L --keyword=_L --keyword=_u8L --keyword=PLUGIN_U8L --keyword=L_CONTEXT:1,2c --keyword=_L_CONTEXT:1,2c --keyword=_u8L_CONTEXT:1,2c --keyword=_L_PLURAL:1,2 --add-comments=TRN --from-code=UTF-8 --no-location --debug --boost --no-wrap -f "%filtered_list%" -o "%generated_pot%"
         if errorlevel 1 (
             set "script_exit_code=1"
         ) else (

scripts/run_gettext.sh

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ if $FULL_MODE; then
         generated_pot_file="${generated_i18n_dir}/OrcaSlicer.pot"
 
         mkdir -p "$generated_i18n_dir"
-        xgettext --keyword=L --keyword=_L --keyword=_u8L --keyword=L_CONTEXT:1,2c --keyword=_L_CONTEXT:1,2c --keyword=_u8L_CONTEXT:1,2c --keyword=_L_PLURAL:1,2 --add-comments=TRN --from-code=UTF-8 --no-location --debug --boost --no-wrap -f "$filtered_list" -o "$generated_pot_file"
+        xgettext --keyword=L --keyword=_L --keyword=_u8L --keyword=PLUGIN_U8L --keyword=L_CONTEXT:1,2c --keyword=_L_CONTEXT:1,2c --keyword=_u8L_CONTEXT:1,2c --keyword=_L_PLURAL:1,2 --add-comments=TRN --from-code=UTF-8 --no-location --debug --boost --no-wrap -f "$filtered_list" -o "$generated_pot_file"
         python3 scripts/HintsToPot.py ./resources "$generated_i18n_dir"
 
         if [ -f "$pot_file" ] && files_equal_ignoring_pot_date "$pot_file" "$generated_pot_file"; then

src/libslic3r/Config.hpp

@@ -377,7 +377,8 @@ public:
     virtual void set(const ConfigOption* rhs, size_t start, size_t len)                                                     = 0;
     virtual void set_with_restore(const ConfigOptionVectorBase* rhs, std::vector<int>& restore_index, int stride)           = 0;
     virtual void set_with_restore_2(const ConfigOptionVectorBase* rhs, std::vector<int>& restore_index, int start, int len, bool skip_error = false) = 0;
-    virtual void set_only_diff(const ConfigOptionVectorBase* rhs, std::vector<int>& diff_index, int stride)                 = 0;
+    // keep_nil: copy a nil column from rhs as well, for options whose nil means "disabled" rather than "inherit".
+    virtual void set_only_diff(const ConfigOptionVectorBase* rhs, std::vector<int>& diff_index, int stride, bool keep_nil = false) = 0;
     virtual void set_to_index(const ConfigOptionVectorBase* rhs, std::vector<int>& dest_index, int stride) = 0;
     virtual void set_with_nil(const ConfigOptionVectorBase* rhs, const ConfigOptionVectorBase* inherits, int stride)        = 0;
     // Resize the vector of values, copy the newly added values from opt_default if provided.
@@ -580,7 +581,7 @@ public:
     //set a item related with extruder variants when loading user config, only set the different value of some extruder
     //rhs: item from user config
     //diff_index: which index in this vector need to be set
-    virtual void set_only_diff(const ConfigOptionVectorBase* rhs, std::vector<int>& diff_index, int stride) override
+    virtual void set_only_diff(const ConfigOptionVectorBase* rhs, std::vector<int>& diff_index, int stride, bool keep_nil) override
     {
         if (rhs->type() == this->type()) {
             // Assign the first value of the rhs vector.
@@ -592,7 +593,7 @@ public:
             for (size_t i = 0; i < diff_index.size(); i++) {
                 if (diff_index[i] != -1) {
                     for (size_t j = 0; j < stride; j++) {
-                        if (!other->is_nil(diff_index[i] * stride))
+                        if (keep_nil || !other->is_nil(diff_index[i] * stride))
                             this->values[i * stride + j] = other->values[diff_index[i] * stride + j];
                     }
                 }
@@ -841,8 +842,12 @@ public:
     {
         UNUSED(append);
         std::istringstream iss(str);
-        iss >> this->value;
+        double value;
-        return !iss.fail();
+        iss >> value;
+        if (iss.fail())
+            return false;
+        this->value = value;
+        return true;
     }
 
     bool operator==(const ConfigOption &rhs) const override
@@ -1033,8 +1038,12 @@ public:
     {
         UNUSED(append);
         std::istringstream iss(str);
-        iss >> this->value;
+        int value;
-        return !iss.fail();
+        iss >> value;
+        if (iss.fail())
+            return false;
+        this->value = value;
+        return true;
     }
 
     ConfigOptionInt& operator=(const ConfigOption *opt)
@@ -1252,8 +1261,12 @@ public:
         UNUSED(append);
         // don't try to parse the trailing % since it's optional
         std::istringstream iss(str);
-        iss >> this->value;
+        double value;
-        return !iss.fail();
+        iss >> value;
+        if (iss.fail())
+            return false;
+        this->value = value;
+        return true;
     }
 
 private:
@@ -1365,10 +1378,14 @@ public:
     bool deserialize(const std::string &str, bool append = false) override
     {
         UNUSED(append);
-        this->percent = str.find_first_of("%") != std::string::npos;
         std::istringstream iss(str);
-        iss >> this->value;
+        double value;
-        return !iss.fail();
+        iss >> value;
+        if (iss.fail())
+            return false;
+        this->value   = value;
+        this->percent = str.find_first_of("%") != std::string::npos;
+        return true;
     }
 
 private:
@@ -1538,8 +1555,12 @@ public:
     {
         UNUSED(append);
         char dummy;
-        return sscanf(str.data(), " %lf , %lf %c", &this->value(0), &this->value(1), &dummy) == 2 ||
+        Vec2d value;
-               sscanf(str.data(), " %lf x %lf %c", &this->value(0), &this->value(1), &dummy) == 2;
+        if (sscanf(str.data(), " %lf , %lf %c", &value(0), &value(1), &dummy) != 2 &&
+            sscanf(str.data(), " %lf x %lf %c", &value(0), &value(1), &dummy) != 2)
+            return false;
+        this->value = value;
+        return true;
     }
 
 private:
@@ -1658,8 +1679,12 @@ public:
     {
         UNUSED(append);
         char dummy;
-        return sscanf(str.data(), " %lf , %lf , %lf %c", &this->value(0), &this->value(1), &this->value(2), &dummy) == 3 ||
+        Vec3d value;
-               sscanf(str.data(), " %lf x %lf x %lf %c", &this->value(0), &this->value(1), &this->value(2), &dummy) == 3;
+        if (sscanf(str.data(), " %lf , %lf , %lf %c", &value(0), &value(1), &value(2), &dummy) != 3 &&
+            sscanf(str.data(), " %lf x %lf x %lf %c", &value(0), &value(1), &value(2), &dummy) != 3)
+            return false;
+        this->value = value;
+        return true;
     }
 
 private:

src/libslic3r/Preset.cpp

@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ bool Preset::save(DynamicPrintConfig* parent_config)
         {
             ConfigOption *opt_src = config.option(option);
             ConfigOption *opt_dst = temp_config.option(option, true);
-            if (opt_dst->is_scalar() || !(opt_dst->nullable()))
+            if (opt_dst->is_scalar() || !(opt_dst->nullable()) || is_filament_extruder_override_key(option))
                 opt_dst->set(opt_src);
             else {
                 ConfigOptionVectorBase* opt_vec_src = static_cast<ConfigOptionVectorBase*>(opt_src);
@@ -2132,7 +2132,7 @@ Preset* PresetCollection::get_preset_differed_for_save(Preset& preset)
         {
             ConfigOption *opt_src = preset.config.option(option);
             ConfigOption *opt_dst = temp_config.option(option, true);
-            if (opt_dst->is_scalar() || !(opt_dst->nullable()))
+            if (opt_dst->is_scalar() || !(opt_dst->nullable()) || is_filament_extruder_override_key(option))
                 opt_dst->set(opt_src);
             else {
                 ConfigOptionVectorBase* opt_vec_src = static_cast<ConfigOptionVectorBase*>(opt_src);
@@ -2199,9 +2199,12 @@ int PresetCollection::get_differed_values_to_update(Preset& preset, std::map<std
         // option's non-nil default (e.g. filament_retract_before_wipe -> 100%), silently
         // resurrecting an override the user turned off. See GitHub issue on Retract Before Wipe.
         if (m_type == Preset::TYPE_FILAMENT) {
-            for (const std::string& opt_key : filament_extruder_override_keys) {
+            for (const std::string& opt_key : preset.config.keys()) {
-                if (key_values.count(opt_key))
+                if (!is_filament_extruder_override_key(opt_key) || key_values.count(opt_key))
-                    continue; // already carried by the diff
+                    continue; // not an override, or already carried by the diff
+                const ConfigOptionDef *def = print_config_def.get(opt_key);
+                if (def == nullptr || !def->default_value || def->default_value->is_nil())
+                    continue; // the option's default is nil too, so an absent key cannot come back as a value
                 const auto* opt_vec = dynamic_cast<const ConfigOptionVectorBase*>(preset.config.option(opt_key));
                 if (opt_vec == nullptr)
                     continue;

src/libslic3r/PrintConfig.cpp

@@ -119,12 +119,18 @@ const std::vector<std::string> filament_extruder_override_keys = {
 };
 
 // Some filament override parameters are generated from filament_extruder_override_keys,
-// while filament_retract_length_nc is defined separately. Keep the generator list
+// while filament_retract_length_nc and the ironing overrides are defined separately.
-// unchanged and use this helper for behavior checks that need the full override set.
+// Keep the generator list unchanged and use this helper for behavior checks that need
+// the full override set. A nil in one of these keys means the override is disabled, so
+// child presets store and load it verbatim instead of treating nil as "inherit".
 bool is_filament_extruder_override_key(const std::string &opt_key)
 {
     return std::find(filament_extruder_override_keys.begin(), filament_extruder_override_keys.end(), opt_key) != filament_extruder_override_keys.end() ||
-           opt_key == "filament_retract_length_nc";
+           opt_key == "filament_retract_length_nc" ||
+           opt_key == "filament_ironing_flow" ||
+           opt_key == "filament_ironing_spacing" ||
+           opt_key == "filament_ironing_inset" ||
+           opt_key == "filament_ironing_speed";
 }
 
 size_t get_extruder_index(const GCodeConfig& config, unsigned int filament_id)
@@ -12272,7 +12278,8 @@ void DynamicPrintConfig::update_diff_values_to_child_config(DynamicPrintConfig&
                     opt_src->set(opt_target);
                 }
                 else
-                    opt_vec_src->set_only_diff(opt_vec_dest, variant_index, stride);
+                    // An override's nil means "disabled" and is the child's value; every other nil column inherits.
+                    opt_vec_src->set_only_diff(opt_vec_dest, variant_index, stride, is_filament_extruder_override_key(opt));
             }
         }
     }

src/slic3r/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -707,6 +707,10 @@ set(SLIC3R_GUI_SOURCES
     plugin/PluginManager.hpp
     plugin/PluginAuditManager.cpp
     plugin/PluginAuditManager.hpp
+    plugin/PluginAuditManagerGui.cpp
+    plugin/PluginAuditManagerInternal.hpp
+    plugin/PluginModule.cpp
+    plugin/PluginText.hpp
     plugin/PluginResolver.cpp
     plugin/PluginResolver.hpp
     plugin/pluginTypes/printerAgent/PrinterAgentPluginCapability.hpp
@@ -1092,3 +1096,61 @@ if (ORCA_BUILD_PYTHON_STUBGEN_MODULE)
         PREFIX ""
     )
 endif()
+
+# Headless plugin permission probe. A distinct executable so normal GUI loading and prompt
+# behavior stay untouched. It compiles the GUI-free plugin sources directly instead of linking
+# libslic3r_gui, so neither the GUI library nor wx is pulled into the probe. The permission
+# front end is selected by source composition: PluginAuditManagerGui.cpp for the GUI app and
+# probe/PluginAuditManagerHeadless.cpp here.
+#
+# Residual cost: the probe still links libslic3r (the large core library) for Utils,
+# LifecycleEvents, the model/print types used by the GUI-free host bindings and libslic3r's own
+# transitive dependencies. It does not link libslic3r_gui, wx or the GUI-only host/plugin sources.
+# Developer/security-analysis tool, so it is off by default.
+if (ORCA_BUILD_PLUGIN_PERMISSION_PROBE)
+    add_executable(orca-plugin-probe
+        plugin/PluginPermissionProbe.cpp
+        plugin/PluginProbeCollector.hpp
+        plugin/probe/NanoSvgImplementation.cpp
+        plugin/PluginAuditManager.cpp
+        plugin/PluginAuditManagerInternal.hpp
+        plugin/PluginModule.cpp
+        plugin/PluginText.hpp
+        plugin/probe/PluginAuditManagerHeadless.cpp
+        plugin/PluginFsUtils.cpp
+        plugin/PluginLoader.cpp
+        plugin/PythonInterpreter.cpp
+        plugin/PythonPluginBridge.cpp
+        plugin/probe/PluginHostProbe.cpp
+        plugin/probe/PluginProbeConfig.cpp
+        plugin/host/PluginHostGeometry.cpp
+        plugin/host/PluginHostMesh.cpp
+        plugin/host/PluginHostModel.cpp
+        plugin/host/PluginHostSlicing.cpp
+        plugin/pluginTypes/printerAgent/PrinterAgentPluginCapability.cpp
+        plugin/pluginTypes/pages/PagesPluginCapability.cpp
+        plugin/pluginTypes/resourceTexture/ResourceTexturePluginCapability.cpp
+        plugin/pluginTypes/script/ScriptPluginCapability.cpp
+        plugin/pluginTypes/slicingPipeline/SlicingPipelinePluginCapability.cpp
+    )
+
+    target_compile_definitions(orca-plugin-probe PRIVATE ORCA_PLUGIN_PROBE_BUILD)
+
+    target_include_directories(orca-plugin-probe PRIVATE
+        ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}
+        ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src
+        Utils
+    )
+
+    target_link_libraries(orca-plugin-probe PRIVATE
+        libslic3r
+        nanosvg
+        pybind11::embed
+    )
+
+    set_target_properties(orca-plugin-probe PROPERTIES
+        OUTPUT_NAME orca-plugin-probe
+        FOLDER "tools"
+    )
+endif()

src/slic3r/plugin/PluginAuditManager.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "PluginAuditManager.hpp"
+#include "PluginAuditManagerInternal.hpp"
 
 #include "../Utils/OrcaCloudServiceAgent.hpp"
 #include "libslic3r/Utils.hpp"
@@ -11,28 +12,16 @@
 #include <boost/log/trivial.hpp>
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
 #include <cctype>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdlib>
-#include <future>
 #include <mutex>
-#include <memory>
-#include <slic3r/GUI/BindDialog.hpp>
-#include <slic3r/GUI/GUI_App.hpp>
-#include <slic3r/plugin/PluginFsUtils.hpp>
-#include <slic3r/plugin/PluginManager.hpp>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
-#include <wx/app.h>
-#include <wx/event.h>
-#include <wx/msgdlg.h>
-#include <wx/string.h>
-#include <wx/thread.h>
-#include "slic3r/GUI/I18N.hpp"
-#include "slic3r/plugin/PluginDescriptor.hpp"
 #include <Python.h>
 
 namespace Slic3r {
@@ -130,6 +119,20 @@ static AuditEventCategory event_category(const std::string& event_name)
     return it == audit_event_categories.end() ? AuditEventCategory::None : it->second;
 }
 
+// Events the 3.12 stdlib raises with sys.audit() inside the function that performs the whole
+// operation, so the raising frame bounds everything the operation does. Every other mapped event
+// is a primitive raised from C, whose current frame is whatever Python code called it -- possibly
+// a library loop over many targets -- so it never marks an operation. glob.glob and glob.glob/2
+// are raised in iglob(), which returns its lazy generator before any directory is listed.
+static const std::unordered_set<std::string> operation_root_events{
+    "urllib.Request",      "http.client.connect",   "os.walk",          "os.fwalk",
+    "glob.glob",           "glob.glob/2",           "pathlib.Path.glob", "pathlib.Path.rglob",
+    "subprocess.Popen",    "pty.spawn",             "tempfile.mkstemp", "tempfile.mkdtemp",
+    "shutil.copyfile",     "shutil.copymode",       "shutil.copystat",  "shutil.copytree",
+    "shutil.chown",        "shutil.move",           "shutil.rmtree",    "shutil.make_archive",
+    "shutil.unpack_archive",
+};
+
 // True for the categories whose targets are filesystem paths, as opposed to a network
 // address or a process command line -- the deny-path and allowed-root checks only make sense
 // against a path.
@@ -146,6 +149,49 @@ static bool is_fs_category(AuditEventCategory category)
     }
 }
 
+namespace plugin_audit {
+
+// The category's name in a saved event grant, e.g. "FsRead" in "FsRead:open".
+const char* category_name(AuditEventCategory category)
+{
+    switch (category) {
+    case AuditEventCategory::FsRead:         return "FsRead";
+    case AuditEventCategory::FsReadWrite:    return "FsReadWrite";
+    case AuditEventCategory::FsCreate:       return "FsCreate";
+    case AuditEventCategory::FsDelete:       return "FsDelete";
+    case AuditEventCategory::Http:           return "Http";
+    case AuditEventCategory::Socket:         return "Socket";
+    case AuditEventCategory::ProcessCreate:  return "ProcessCreate";
+    case AuditEventCategory::ProcessReplace: return "ProcessReplace";
+    case AuditEventCategory::Threading:      return "Threading";
+    case AuditEventCategory::None:           break;
+    }
+    return "None";
+}
+
+int report_denied(PluginAuditManager&       mgr,
+                  const std::string&        event_name,
+                  const AuditDecision&      decision,
+                  const std::string&        target)
+{
+    AuditViolation violation;
+    violation.plugin_key = mgr.current_plugin();
+    violation.event_name = event_name;
+    violation.reason     = decision.reason;
+    mgr.report_violation(violation);
+
+    std::string message = "Plugin attempted audited operation \"" + event_name + "\" without permission";
+    if (!decision.reason.empty())
+        message += ": " + decision.reason;
+    if (!target.empty())
+        message += ": " + target;
+
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_PermissionError, message.c_str());
+    return -1;
+}
+
+} // namespace plugin_audit
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Path safety
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -214,27 +260,52 @@ bool is_inside_allowed_root(const boost::filesystem::path& candidate, const boos
 
 thread_local std::string PluginAuditManager::m_current_plugin_key = "";
 thread_local std::string PluginAuditManager::m_current_capability_name = "";
+thread_local std::string PluginAuditManager::m_current_audit_phase = "";
 thread_local std::vector<AllowedRoot> PluginAuditManager::m_scoped_allowed_roots;
+thread_local std::vector<PyObject*> PluginAuditManager::m_root_frames;
+thread_local int PluginAuditManager::m_releasing_frames = 0;
 thread_local bool PluginAuditManager::m_audit_denial_pending = false;
 thread_local bool PluginAuditManager::m_has_last_violation = false;
 thread_local AuditViolation PluginAuditManager::m_last_violation;
 
 ScopedPluginAuditContext::ScopedPluginAuditContext(const std::string& plugin_key,
                                                    const std::string& capability_name)
-    : m_previous_id(PluginAuditManager::instance().current_plugin())
+    : m_plugin_key(plugin_key)
+    , m_capability(capability_name)
+    , m_previous_id(PluginAuditManager::instance().current_plugin())
     , m_previous_capability(PluginAuditManager::instance().current_capability())
     , m_previous_scoped_roots(PluginAuditManager::m_scoped_allowed_roots)
+    , m_previous_root_frames(std::move(PluginAuditManager::m_root_frames))
 {
     PluginAuditManager::instance().set_current_plugin(plugin_key);
     PluginAuditManager::instance().set_current_capability(capability_name);
     PluginAuditManager::m_scoped_allowed_roots.clear();
+    PluginAuditManager::m_root_frames.clear();
 }
 
 ScopedPluginAuditContext::~ScopedPluginAuditContext()
 {
-    PluginAuditManager::instance().set_current_plugin(m_previous_id);
+    PluginAuditManager& mgr = PluginAuditManager::instance();
-    PluginAuditManager::instance().set_current_capability(m_previous_capability);
+
+    // Let this scope's root frames go while it is still the current context, and as its own
+    // plugin: the trampoline's denial path clears the key before the scope ends, and a finalizer
+    // must never be judged as the outer plugin, or bypass the audit when there is none. A
+    // finalizer may record a new root frame, so repeat until none is held.
+    if (!PluginAuditManager::m_root_frames.empty()) {
+        assert(PyGILState_Check());
+        mgr.set_current_plugin(m_plugin_key);
+        mgr.set_current_capability(m_capability);
+        while (!PluginAuditManager::m_root_frames.empty()) {
+            std::vector<PyObject*> frames = std::move(PluginAuditManager::m_root_frames);
+            PluginAuditManager::m_root_frames.clear();
+            mgr.release_frames(frames);
+        }
+    }
+
+    mgr.set_current_plugin(m_previous_id);
+    mgr.set_current_capability(m_previous_capability);
     PluginAuditManager::m_scoped_allowed_roots = std::move(m_previous_scoped_roots);
+    PluginAuditManager::m_root_frames          = std::move(m_previous_root_frames);
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -259,6 +330,76 @@ std::string PluginAuditManager::current_capability() const { return m_current_ca
 
 void PluginAuditManager::clear_current_capability() { m_current_capability_name.clear(); }
 
+void PluginAuditManager::set_current_audit_phase(const std::string& phase) { m_current_audit_phase = phase; }
+
+const std::string& PluginAuditManager::current_audit_phase() const { return m_current_audit_phase; }
+
+void PluginAuditManager::clear_current_audit_phase() { m_current_audit_phase.clear(); }
+
+void PluginAuditManager::set_observation_observer(AuditObserver observer)
+{
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_observer_mutex);
+    m_observation_observer = std::move(observer);
+}
+
+void PluginAuditManager::clear_observation_observer()
+{
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_observer_mutex);
+    m_observation_observer = nullptr;
+}
+
+bool PluginAuditManager::observation_mode() const
+{
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_observer_mutex);
+    return static_cast<bool>(m_observation_observer);
+}
+
+// The audit hook holds the GIL here. Copy the observer out before invoking it so a callback that
+// reads the manager cannot deadlock on m_observer_mutex.
+bool PluginAuditManager::record_observation(const std::string&              event_name,
+                                            const std::string&              category,
+                                            const std::vector<std::string>& targets)
+{
+    AuditObserver observer;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_observer_mutex);
+        observer = m_observation_observer;
+    }
+    if (!observer)
+        return false;
+
+    // The observer is called from a CPython C callback; a C++ exception must not unwind through
+    // the audit hook. The probe's collector only allocates, so a throw here is a lost observation,
+    // not a reason to abort the audited operation.
+    try {
+        AuditObservation observation;
+        observation.plugin_key = m_current_plugin_key;
+        observation.capability = m_current_capability_name;
+        observation.phase      = m_current_audit_phase;
+        observation.event_name = event_name;
+        observation.category   = category;
+        observation.targets    = targets;
+        // Probe mode never denies: the hook returns 0 after recording. A later failure of the
+        // surrounding Python operation is reported by the probe's callback/load result, not here.
+        observation.continued = true;
+        observer(observation);
+    } catch (...) {
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+ScopedPluginAuditPhase::ScopedPluginAuditPhase(std::string phase)
+    : m_phase(std::move(phase))
+    , m_previous_phase(PluginAuditManager::instance().current_audit_phase())
+{
+    PluginAuditManager::instance().set_current_audit_phase(m_phase);
+}
+
+ScopedPluginAuditPhase::~ScopedPluginAuditPhase()
+{
+    PluginAuditManager::instance().set_current_audit_phase(m_previous_phase);
+}
+
 void PluginAuditManager::add_global_allowed_root(const boost::filesystem::path& root, bool allow_write)
 {
     if (root.empty())
@@ -298,14 +439,16 @@ std::vector<std::string> PluginAuditManager::default_denied_filenames()
     // AppConfig::config_path() picks .conf vs .ini on the USE_JSON_CONFIG ifdef and the app key
     // on its mode, and is a non-static member we cannot call without an instance. Denying all
     // four names is cheaper and more robust than replicating that; the two unused names cost one
-    // string comparison each.  Single-sourced here so install_hook() and the tests seed from the
+    // string comparison each. Keep the plugin install-state sidecar here too: it controls which
-    // same list and cannot drift apart.
+    // packages load on startup and must remain host-managed. Single-sourced so install_hook() and
+    // the tests seed from the same list and cannot drift apart.
     return {
         SLIC3R_APP_KEY ".conf",
         GCODEVIEWER_APP_KEY ".conf",
         SLIC3R_APP_KEY ".ini",
         GCODEVIEWER_APP_KEY ".ini",
         secret_constants::USER_SECRET_FILENAME,
+        ".install_state.json",
     };
 }
 
@@ -477,73 +620,14 @@ bool PluginAuditManager::request_filesystem_read_permissions(const std::string&
     if (plugin_key.empty() || paths.empty())
         return true;
 
-    PluginDescriptor descriptor;
+    // Probe mode records the declaration and proceeds. It must not consult the install state,
-    if (!PluginManager::instance().try_get_plugin_descriptor(plugin_key, descriptor) || descriptor.plugin_root.empty())
+    // open the permission dialog, or persist a grant.
-        return false;
+    if (observation_mode()) {
-
+        record_observation("orca.request_permissions", "FsRead", paths);
-    PluginInstallState state;
-    read_install_state(boost::filesystem::path(descriptor.plugin_root), state);
-
-    std::vector<std::string> missing;
-    for (const std::string& path : paths) {
-        if (std::find(state.permissions.fs_read.begin(), state.permissions.fs_read.end(), path) == state.permissions.fs_read.end())
-            missing.push_back(path);
-    }
-    if (missing.empty())
         return true;
-
-    if (wxTheApp == nullptr || GUI::wxGetApp().is_closing())
-        return false;
-
-    auto show_dialog = [&descriptor, &missing]() {
-        wxString requested_paths;
-        for (const std::string& path : missing)
-            requested_paths += wxString::FromUTF8(path.c_str()) + "\n";
-
-        wxMessageDialog dialog(
-            nullptr,
-            wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" requests filesystem read access to:\n%s"),
-                             wxString::FromUTF8(descriptor.name.c_str()), requested_paths),
-            _L("Plugin permissions"),
-            wxYES_NO | wxICON_WARNING);
-        return dialog.ShowModal() == wxID_YES;
-    };
-
-    bool granted = false;
-    if (wxIsMainThread()) {
-        granted = show_dialog();
-    } else {
-        auto result = std::make_shared<std::promise<bool>>();
-        auto future = result->get_future();
-        GUI::wxGetApp().CallAfter([result, descriptor_name = descriptor.name, missing]() {
-            wxString requested_paths;
-            for (const std::string& path : missing)
-                requested_paths += wxString::FromUTF8(path.c_str()) + "\n";
-
-            wxMessageDialog dialog(
-                nullptr,
-                wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" requests filesystem read access to:\n%s"),
-                                 wxString::FromUTF8(descriptor_name.c_str()), requested_paths),
-                _L("Plugin permissions"),
-                wxYES_NO | wxICON_WARNING);
-            result->set_value(dialog.ShowModal() == wxID_YES);
-        });
-        granted = future.get();
     }
 
-    if (!granted)
+    return plugin_audit::request_filesystem_read_permissions(plugin_key, paths);
-        return false;
-
-    if (state.plugin_name.empty()) {
-        state.installed_from    = descriptor.is_cloud_plugin() ? "cloud" : "local";
-        state.installed_version = !descriptor.installed_version.empty() ? descriptor.installed_version : descriptor.version;
-        state.plugin_name       = descriptor.name;
-        state.cloud_uuid        = descriptor.cloud_uuid();
-        state.enabled            = true;
-    }
-
-    state.permissions.fs_read.insert(state.permissions.fs_read.end(), missing.begin(), missing.end());
-    return write_install_state(boost::filesystem::path(descriptor.plugin_root), state);
 }
 
 void PluginAuditManager::report_violation(const AuditViolation& violation)
@@ -575,34 +659,6 @@ bool PluginAuditManager::last_violation(AuditViolation& violation) const
     return true;
 }
 
-bool PluginAuditManager::has_approved_ancestor(const std::string&              plugin_key,
-                                               const std::vector<std::string>& call_site_ids) const
-{
-    if (plugin_key.empty() || call_site_ids.empty())
-        return false;
-
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
-    auto it = m_approved_call_sites.find(plugin_key);
-    if (it == m_approved_call_sites.end())
-        return false;
-
-    for (const auto& id : call_site_ids)
-        if (it->second.count(id))
-            return true;
-    return false;
-}
-
-void PluginAuditManager::record_approved_call_sites(const std::string&              plugin_key,
-                                                     const std::vector<std::string>& call_site_ids)
-{
-    if (plugin_key.empty() || call_site_ids.empty())
-        return;
-
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
-    auto& approved = m_approved_call_sites[plugin_key];
-    approved.insert(call_site_ids.begin(), call_site_ids.end());
-}
-
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // The C-level audit hook
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -663,40 +719,88 @@ std::string python_str(PyObject* object)
     return result;
 }
 
-std::vector<std::string> call_site_identities(const std::string& plugin_root)
+// The interpreter's stdlib folders, and the site-packages folders inside them that hold
-{
+// third-party code, both resolved. Set by install_hook(); like the verdict cache below, only
-    std::vector<std::string> ids;
+// touched while the GIL is held.
-    if (plugin_root.empty())
+static std::vector<boost::filesystem::path>   s_stdlib_dirs;
-        return ids;
+static std::vector<boost::filesystem::path>   s_site_package_dirs;
+static std::unordered_map<std::string, bool>  s_stdlib_file_verdicts; // co_filename -> is stdlib
 
+void collect_stdlib_dirs()
+{
+    s_stdlib_dirs.clear();
+    s_site_package_dirs.clear();
+    s_stdlib_file_verdicts.clear();
+
+    PyObject* sysconfig = PyImport_ImportModule("sysconfig");
+    PyObject* paths     = sysconfig ? PyObject_CallMethod(sysconfig, "get_paths", nullptr) : nullptr;
+    if (paths && PyDict_Check(paths)) {
+        const auto collect = [paths](const char* key, std::vector<boost::filesystem::path>& out) {
+            const std::string dir = python_unicode(PyDict_GetItemString(paths, key)); // borrowed
+            if (dir.empty())
+                return;
+            boost::system::error_code ec;
+            const boost::filesystem::path resolved = boost::filesystem::weakly_canonical(dir, ec);
+            out.push_back(ec ? boost::filesystem::path(dir) : resolved);
+        };
+        collect("stdlib", s_stdlib_dirs);
+        collect("platstdlib", s_stdlib_dirs);
+        collect("purelib", s_site_package_dirs);
+        collect("platlib", s_site_package_dirs);
+    }
+    Py_XDECREF(paths);
+    Py_XDECREF(sysconfig);
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        BOOST_LOG_TRIVIAL(error) << "[AUDIT] Failed to read the stdlib folders from sysconfig";
+    }
+}
+
+bool is_stdlib_frame(PyObject* frame)
+{
+    PyCodeObject* code = PyFrame_GetCode(reinterpret_cast<PyFrameObject*>(frame)); // new reference
+    const std::string filename = python_unicode(code->co_filename);
+    Py_DECREF(code);
+    return PluginAuditManager::is_stdlib_file(filename);
+}
+
+// The frames on this thread's Python stack, innermost first. The pointers stay valid while the
+// caller runs, because a running activation keeps its frame object alive.
+std::vector<PyObject*> stack_frames()
+{
+    std::vector<PyObject*> frames;
     PyFrameObject* frame = PyEval_GetFrame(); // borrowed reference
     Py_XINCREF(frame);                        // normalize to an owned reference for the loop below
-
     while (frame) {
-        PyCodeObject* code     = PyFrame_GetCode(frame); // new reference
+        frames.push_back(reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(frame));
-        const std::string filename = python_unicode(reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(code->co_filename));
-        const bool is_plugin_frame = !filename.empty() && boost::algorithm::starts_with(filename, plugin_root);
-
-        std::string id;
-        if (!is_plugin_frame && !filename.empty()) {
-            const std::string funcname = python_unicode(reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(code->co_name));
-            id = filename + ":" + funcname + ":" + std::to_string(code->co_firstlineno);
-        }
-        Py_DECREF(code);
-
         PyFrameObject* back = PyFrame_GetBack(frame); // new reference, or nullptr at the top of the stack
         Py_DECREF(frame);
         frame = back;
-
-        if (is_plugin_frame)
-            break;
-        if (!id.empty())
-            ids.push_back(std::move(id));
     }
+    return frames;
+}
 
-    Py_XDECREF(frame); // only holds a reference here if the loop exited via break
+// Moves the held root frames whose operation has returned from `held` to `dropped`. A suspended
+// generator's frame (os.walk between two items) is off the stack, but its operation resumes, so
+// it stays held until the scope ends.
+void take_returned_frames(std::vector<PyObject*>& held, std::vector<PyObject*>& dropped)
+{
+    if (held.empty())
+        return;
 
-    return ids;
+    const std::vector<PyObject*> stack = stack_frames();
+    const auto running = [&stack](PyObject* frame) {
+        if (std::find(stack.begin(), stack.end(), frame) != stack.end())
+            return true;
+        // NULL once the generator has finished or been deleted: its frame then owns its own data.
+        PyObject* generator = PyFrame_GetGenerator(reinterpret_cast<PyFrameObject*>(frame)); // new reference
+        const bool suspended = generator != nullptr;
+        Py_XDECREF(generator);
+        return suspended;
+    };
+    const auto returned = std::stable_partition(held.begin(), held.end(), running);
+    dropped.insert(dropped.end(), returned, held.end());
+    held.erase(returned, held.end());
 }
 
 static const std::unordered_set<std::string> two_path_fs_events{
@@ -717,12 +821,15 @@ static const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<Py_ssize_t>> audit_targ
     {"socket.getnameinfo", {0}},
     {"socket.getservbyname", {0}},
     {"socket.getservbyport", {0}},
+    {"socket.sendto", {1}},
+    {"socket.sendmsg", {1}},
 
     {"os.system", {0}},
     {"subprocess.Popen", {1, 0}},
     {"os.posix_spawn", {1, 0}},
     {"os.spawn", {2, 1}},
     {"os.startfile", {0}},
+    {"os.startfile/2", {0}},
     {"pty.spawn", {0}},
     {"_winapi.CreateProcess", {1, 0}},
     {"_posixsubprocess.fork_exec", {0}},
@@ -767,7 +874,11 @@ std::vector<std::string> audit_targets(const std::string& event_name, AuditEvent
     const auto it = audit_target_arg_indices.find(event_name);
     if (it != audit_target_arg_indices.end()) {
         for (const Py_ssize_t index : it->second) {
-            std::string value = python_str(tuple_item(args, index));
+            // None is an argument left out (sendmsg without an address), not a target named "None".
+            PyObject* const item = tuple_item(args, index);
+            if (item == Py_None)
+                continue;
+            std::string value = python_str(item);
             if (!value.empty()) {
                 targets.push_back(std::move(value));
                 break;
@@ -778,207 +889,138 @@ std::vector<std::string> audit_targets(const std::string& event_name, AuditEvent
     return targets;
 }
 
-std::vector<std::string>* permission_list_for(AuditEventCategory category, PluginPermissions& permissions)
+// Judges an audited event raised while a plugin context is active.
+int audit_plugin_event(PluginAuditManager& mgr, const std::string& event_name, AuditEventCategory event_type, PyObject* args)
 {
-    switch (category) {
+    const bool                      fs_category = is_fs_category(event_type);
-    case AuditEventCategory::FsRead:        return &permissions.fs_read;
+    const std::vector<std::string>  targets      = audit_targets(event_name, event_type, args);
-    case AuditEventCategory::FsReadWrite:   return &permissions.fs_readwrite;
+
-    case AuditEventCategory::Http:          return &permissions.network_http;
+    // Probe mode: report the classified event and let it through. Deliberately before the deny
-    case AuditEventCategory::Socket:        return &permissions.network_socket;
+    // registry and allowed-root checks, so the report covers operations that production would
-    case AuditEventCategory::ProcessCreate: return &permissions.process;
+    // block as well as those it would allow. No grant is read or written.
-    case AuditEventCategory::Threading:     return &permissions.threading;
+    if (mgr.record_observation(event_name, plugin_audit::category_name(event_type), targets))
-    case AuditEventCategory::ProcessReplace: return &permissions.process;
+        return 0;
-    default:                                return nullptr;
+
+    // A denied path (secrets, certificates, config files -- see is_denied_path) is an
+    // unconditional block: checked before the running-operation check below, so no granted
+    // operation can launder access to one, and before the allowed-root shortcut further down,
+    // so an allowed root (e.g. the read-only resources folder) cannot make a denied path
+    // underneath it reachable.
+    if (fs_category) {
+        for (const auto& target : targets) {
+            if (mgr.is_denied_path(boost::filesystem::path(target)))
+                return plugin_audit::report_denied(mgr, event_name, {false, "denied path"}, target);
         }
-}
-
-bool has_permission(const std::vector<std::string>& granted, const std::string& target)
-{
-    return std::find(granted.begin(), granted.end(), target) != granted.end();
-}
-
-bool persist_permission(const std::string&        plugin_key,
-                        PluginInstallState&       state,
-                        std::vector<std::string>& permission_list,
-                        const std::string&        target)
-{
-    PluginDescriptor descriptor;
-    if (!PluginManager::instance().try_get_plugin_descriptor(plugin_key, descriptor) || descriptor.plugin_root.empty())
-        return false;
-
-    // A sandbox plugin may not have a sidecar yet.  Seed the small amount of install metadata
-    // needed by the writer so clicking Yes still creates the JSON file.
-    if (state.plugin_name.empty()) {
-        state.installed_from    = descriptor.is_cloud_plugin() ? "cloud" : "local";
-        state.installed_version = !descriptor.installed_version.empty() ? descriptor.installed_version : descriptor.version;
-        state.plugin_name       = descriptor.name;
-        state.cloud_uuid        = descriptor.cloud_uuid();
-        state.enabled            = true;
     }
 
-    if (!has_permission(permission_list, target))
+    // A nested event of an operation already granted, e.g. socket.connect inside an approved
-        permission_list.push_back(target);
+    // urlopen(), is not asked again. urllib.Request is always judged on its own URL, so a
-    return write_install_state(boost::filesystem::path(descriptor.plugin_root), state);
+    // redirect or a nested urlopen() inside a running request is not covered by it.
-}
+    if (event_name != "urllib.Request" && mgr.covered_by_root_frame())
+        return 0;
 
-int report_denied(PluginAuditManager&            mgr,
+    // A filesystem target that resolves entirely inside a pre-determined allowed root -- the
-                  const std::string&             event_name,
+    // plugin system's own data_dir() tree (which holds each plugin's storage folder and the
-                  const AuditDecision&           decision,
+    // installed/system profile cache), the read-only bundled resources folder, or a per-call
-                  const std::string&             target = {})
+    // scoped root such as the current G-code folder -- is part of the plugin system's normal
-{
+    // workflow and does not need a prompt.
-    AuditViolation violation;
+    if (fs_category && !targets.empty()) {
-    violation.plugin_key = mgr.current_plugin();
+        const bool is_write = event_type != AuditEventCategory::FsRead;
-    violation.event_name = event_name;
+        const bool all_inside_allowed_root =
-    violation.reason     = decision.reason;
+            std::all_of(targets.begin(), targets.end(), [&](const std::string& target) {
-    mgr.report_violation(violation);
+                return mgr.check_path_access(boost::filesystem::path(target), is_write).allowed;
-
-    std::string message = "Plugin attempted audited operation \"" + event_name + "\" without permission";
-    if (!decision.reason.empty())
-        message += ": " + decision.reason;
-    if (!target.empty())
-        message += ": " + target;
-
-    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_PermissionError, message.c_str());
-    return -1;
-}
-
-wxString audit_message(AuditEventCategory category, const wxString& plugin_name, const wxString& event_name,
-                       const wxString& target_list, size_t target_count)
-{
-    if (target_list.IsEmpty())
-        return wxString::Format(
-            _L("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting permission for the Python audit event \"%s\".\n\n"
-                "This operation does not expose a target the audit hook can display."),
-            plugin_name, event_name);
-
-    switch (category) {
-    case AuditEventCategory::FsRead:
-        return wxString::Format(_L_PLURAL("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to read the following file:\n%s",
-                                          "Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to read the following files:\n%s", target_count),
-                                plugin_name, target_list);
-    case AuditEventCategory::FsReadWrite:
-        return wxString::Format(_L_PLURAL("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to read/write the following file:\n%s",
-                                          "Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to read/write the following files:\n%s", target_count),
-                                plugin_name, target_list);
-    case AuditEventCategory::FsCreate:
-        return wxString::Format(_L_PLURAL("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to create the following file:\n%s",
-                                          "Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to create the following files:\n%s", target_count),
-                                plugin_name, target_list);
-    case AuditEventCategory::FsDelete:
-        return wxString::Format(_L_PLURAL("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to delete the following file:\n%s",
-                                          "Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to delete the following files:\n%s", target_count),
-                                plugin_name, target_list);
-    case AuditEventCategory::Http:
-        return wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to make an HTTP request to:\n%s"), plugin_name, target_list);
-    case AuditEventCategory::Socket:
-        return wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to open a network connection to:\n%s"), plugin_name, target_list);
-    case AuditEventCategory::ProcessCreate:
-        return wxString::Format(_L_PLURAL("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to run the following command:\n%s",
-                                          "Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to run the following commands:\n%s", target_count),
-                                plugin_name, target_list);
-    case AuditEventCategory::Threading:
-        return wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting permission to create a thread."), plugin_name);
-    case AuditEventCategory::ProcessReplace:
-        return wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to replace the running application with:\n%s"), plugin_name, target_list);
-    default:
-        return wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting permission for the Python audit event \"%s\"."), plugin_name, event_name);
-    }
-}
-
-// Builds and shows the modal permission prompt. Must run on the GUI thread.
-bool prompt_for_targets(AuditEventCategory category, const std::string& plugin_name, const std::string& event_name,
-                        const std::vector<std::string>& unresolved)
-{
-    wxString target_list;
-    for (const auto& target : unresolved)
-        target_list += wxString::FromUTF8(target.c_str()) + "\n";
-
-    wxMessageDialog dialog(nullptr,
-                           audit_message(category, wxString::FromUTF8(plugin_name.c_str()),
-                                        wxString::FromUTF8(event_name.c_str()), target_list, unresolved.size()),
-                           _L("Plugin permission request"), wxYES_NO | wxICON_WARNING);
-    return dialog.ShowModal() == wxID_YES;
-}
-
-// Records a grant in the plugin's sidecar so it is not asked again. Reads the install state
-// freshly because the async prompt outlives the caller's stack copy of it.
-void persist_grant(const std::string& plugin_key, AuditEventCategory category, const std::vector<std::string>& targets)
-{
-    PluginInstallState state;
-    if (!PluginManager::instance().get_install_state(plugin_key, state))
-        return;
-
-    std::vector<std::string>* permission_list = permission_list_for(category, state.permissions);
-    if (!permission_list)
-        return;
-
-    for (const auto& target : targets)
-        persist_permission(plugin_key, state, *permission_list, target);
-}
-
-// Requests permission for an audited event, returning true when it is already granted or the user
-// approves an inline prompt.
-//
-// An audited event can fire on a thread the UI thread may itself be blocked waiting on: the
-// SlicingPipeline hook runs on the slicing worker thread (see PluginHooks.cpp), and
-// BackgroundSlicingProcess::stop()/stop_internal() park the UI thread until that worker stops.
-// Blocking the worker on a marshaled modal -- which is safe for the plugin-load worker that
-// request_filesystem_read_permissions runs on -- would therefore deadlock the application (the
-// invariant PluginHostUi.cpp documents for slicing-hook UI calls). Off the main thread the prompt
-// is therefore posted asynchronously and the current event denied (fail closed, like an unanswered
-// prompt); the grant is persisted once the user accepts, so a later attempt succeeds without
-// re-prompting.
-bool request_permission(AuditEventCategory category, const std::string& plugin_key, const std::string& plugin_name,
-                        const std::string& event_name, const std::vector<std::string>& unresolved)
-{
-    if (wxTheApp == nullptr || GUI::wxGetApp().is_closing())
-        return false;
-
-    if (wxIsMainThread())
-        return prompt_for_targets(category, plugin_name, event_name, unresolved);
-
-    GUI::wxGetApp().CallAfter([category, plugin_key, plugin_name, event_name, unresolved]() {
-        if (wxTheApp == nullptr || GUI::wxGetApp().is_closing())
-            return;
-        if (prompt_for_targets(category, plugin_name, event_name, unresolved))
-            persist_grant(plugin_key, category, unresolved);
             });
-    return false;
+        if (all_inside_allowed_root)
-}
-
-int decide_audited_event(PluginAuditManager&             mgr,
-                         PluginInstallState&              state,
-                         const std::string&                plugin_key,
-                         const std::string&                plugin_name,
-                         const std::string&                event_name,
-                         AuditEventCategory                category,
-                         const std::vector<std::string>&   targets,
-                         std::vector<std::string>*         permission_list,
-                         const std::vector<std::string>&   call_site_ids)
-{
-    std::vector<std::string> unresolved = targets;
-    if (permission_list) {
-        unresolved.clear();
-        for (const auto& target : targets)
-            if (!has_permission(*permission_list, target))
-                unresolved.push_back(target);
-        if (!targets.empty() && unresolved.empty())
             return 0;
     }
 
-    if (!request_permission(category, plugin_key, plugin_name, event_name, unresolved))
+    const int result = plugin_audit::decide_event(mgr, event_name, event_type, targets);
-        return report_denied(mgr, event_name, {false, "audit permission required"});
 
-    if (permission_list)
+    // A granted operation covers its nested events while it runs. A targetless grant names no
-        for (const auto& target : unresolved)
+    // operation, so it covers nothing else.
-            persist_permission(plugin_key, state, *permission_list, target);
+    if (result == 0 && !targets.empty() && operation_root_events.count(event_name))
-
+        mgr.record_root_frame();
-    mgr.record_approved_call_sites(plugin_key, call_site_ids);
+    return result;
-    return 0;
 }
 
 } // namespace PluginAuditDetail
 
+void PluginAuditManager::record_root_frame()
+{
+    PyObject* frame = reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(PyEval_GetFrame()); // borrowed reference
+    if (!frame || !PluginAuditDetail::is_stdlib_frame(frame))
+        return;
+    if (std::find(m_root_frames.begin(), m_root_frames.end(), frame) != m_root_frames.end())
+        return; // glob.glob and glob.glob/2 share a frame
+    Py_INCREF(frame);
+    m_root_frames.push_back(frame);
+}
+
+bool PluginAuditManager::covered_by_root_frame() const
+{
+    if (m_root_frames.empty())
+        return false;
+
+    // Only stdlib frames may sit between the event and the operation: plugin or library code
+    // the operation calls back into (an os.walk onerror, a urllib handler) acts on its own.
+    for (PyObject* frame : PluginAuditDetail::stack_frames()) {
+        if (std::find(m_root_frames.begin(), m_root_frames.end(), frame) != m_root_frames.end())
+            return true;
+        if (!PluginAuditDetail::is_stdlib_frame(frame))
+            return false;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool PluginAuditManager::releasing_frames() const { return m_releasing_frames > 0; }
+
+bool PluginAuditManager::is_stdlib_file(const std::string& filename)
+{
+    // Frozen stdlib modules (os, posixpath, codecs, ...) carry a pseudo filename.
+    if (boost::algorithm::starts_with(filename, "<frozen "))
+        return true;
+    if (filename.empty() || filename.front() == '<')
+        return false;
+
+    // Both sides are resolved: co_filename follows the Python home as it was given, which may
+    // be a symlink.
+    const auto [it, inserted] = PluginAuditDetail::s_stdlib_file_verdicts.try_emplace(filename, false);
+    if (inserted) {
+        const boost::filesystem::path file(filename);
+        const auto inside_any = [&file](const std::vector<boost::filesystem::path>& dirs) {
+            return std::any_of(dirs.begin(), dirs.end(),
+                               [&file](const boost::filesystem::path& dir) { return is_inside_allowed_root(file, dir); });
+        };
+        it->second = inside_any(PluginAuditDetail::s_stdlib_dirs) && !inside_any(PluginAuditDetail::s_site_package_dirs);
+    }
+    return it->second;
+}
+
+void PluginAuditManager::release_frames(std::vector<PyObject*>& frames)
+{
+    if (frames.empty())
+        return;
+
+    // A finalizer's own denial must neither replace the PermissionError of the event being
+    // decided nor leave a stale denial behind for the next call.
+    PyObject* const      error          = PyErr_GetRaisedException();
+    const bool           denial_pending = m_audit_denial_pending;
+    const bool           has_violation  = m_has_last_violation;
+    const AuditViolation violation      = m_last_violation;
+
+    std::vector<PyObject*> released;
+    released.swap(frames);
+    ++m_releasing_frames;
+    for (PyObject* frame : released)
+        Py_DECREF(frame);
+    --m_releasing_frames;
+
+    m_audit_denial_pending = denial_pending;
+    m_has_last_violation   = has_violation;
+    m_last_violation       = violation;
+    PyErr_SetRaisedException(error);
+}
+
 int PluginAuditManager::audit_hook(const char* event, PyObject* args, void* user_data)
 {
     auto* mgr = static_cast<PluginAuditManager*>(user_data);
@@ -1006,62 +1048,20 @@ int PluginAuditManager::audit_hook(const char* event, PyObject* args, void* user
     if (event_type == AuditEventCategory::None)
         return 0;
 
-    const bool                      fs_category = is_fs_category(event_type);
+    // Root frames whose operation has returned are let go once this event is decided, so that a
-    const std::vector<std::string>  targets      = PluginAuditDetail::audit_targets(event_name, event_type, args);
+    // finalizer they run re-enters a hook whose held frames are already consistent.
-
+    std::vector<PyObject*> returned_frames;
-    // A denied path (secrets, certificates, config files -- see is_denied_path) is an
+    PluginAuditDetail::take_returned_frames(m_root_frames, returned_frames);
-    // unconditional block: checked before the ancestor-cascade check below, so a cascade
+    const int result = PluginAuditDetail::audit_plugin_event(*mgr, event_name, event_type, args);
-    // approval recorded for an unrelated action can never launder access to one, and before
+    mgr->release_frames(returned_frames);
-    // the allowed-root shortcut further down, so an allowed root (e.g. the read-only resources
+    return result;
-    // folder) cannot make a denied path underneath it reachable.
-    if (fs_category) {
-        for (const auto& target : targets) {
-            if (mgr->is_denied_path(boost::filesystem::path(target)))
-                return PluginAuditDetail::report_denied(*mgr, event_name, {false, "denied path"}, target);
-        }
-    }
-
-    PluginDescriptor plugin_descriptor;
-    PluginManager::instance().try_get_plugin_descriptor(mgr->current_plugin(), plugin_descriptor);
-
-    // Some plugins call other audited events, e.g. urlib.request will call socket.connect. So this is so that if urlib.request
-    // was already approved, socket.connect won't trigger another permission dialog.
-    const std::vector<std::string> call_site_ids =
-        PluginAuditDetail::call_site_identities(plugin_descriptor.plugin_root);
-    if (mgr->has_approved_ancestor(mgr->current_plugin(), call_site_ids))
-        return 0;
-
-    // A filesystem target that resolves entirely inside a pre-determined allowed root -- the
-    // plugin system's own data_dir() tree (which holds each plugin's storage folder and the
-    // installed/system profile cache), the read-only bundled resources folder, or a per-call
-    // scoped root such as the current G-code folder -- is part of the plugin system's normal
-    // workflow and does not need a prompt.
-    if (fs_category && !targets.empty()) {
-        const bool is_write = event_type != AuditEventCategory::FsRead;
-        const bool all_inside_allowed_root =
-            std::all_of(targets.begin(), targets.end(), [&](const std::string& target) {
-                return mgr->check_path_access(boost::filesystem::path(target), is_write).allowed;
-            });
-        if (all_inside_allowed_root)
-            return 0;
-    }
-
-    PluginInstallState state;
-    const bool have_install_state = PluginManager::instance().get_install_state(mgr->current_plugin(), state);
-    if (!have_install_state) {
-        BOOST_LOG_TRIVIAL(warning) << __FUNCTION__ << " Failed to get install state for " << mgr->current_plugin();
-    }
-
-    const std::string plugin_name = state.plugin_name.empty() ? mgr->current_plugin() : state.plugin_name;
-
-    std::vector<std::string>* permission_list = PluginAuditDetail::permission_list_for(event_type, state.permissions);
-
-    return PluginAuditDetail::decide_audited_event(*mgr, state, mgr->current_plugin(), plugin_name, event_name,
-                                                    event_type, targets, permission_list, call_site_ids);
 }
 
 void PluginAuditManager::install_hook()
 {
+    // Tells the stdlib's own frames apart, for the operation-root frames (see record_root_frame).
+    PluginAuditDetail::collect_stdlib_dirs();
+
     // data_dir() is the primary globally-allowed root during plugin execution: read+write. It
     // covers the plugin system's own workflow needs -- each plugin's storage folder
     // (data_dir()/orca_plugins) and the installed/system profile cache (data_dir()/system) --
@@ -1076,8 +1076,9 @@ void PluginAuditManager::install_hook()
     // "cert" denied-path keyword seeded below.
     add_global_allowed_root(resources_dir(), /*allow_write=*/false);
 
-    // The user's app config and cloud credentials live directly inside data_dir(), so the
+    // The user's app config and cloud credentials live directly inside data_dir(), and plugin
-    // root just granted would otherwise expose them to any plugin.  Deny them by name.
+    // install state lives beneath it, so the root just granted would otherwise expose them to
+    // plugins. Deny them by name.
     //
     // Seeded here rather than by each secret's owner because install_hook() runs during lazy
     // interpreter init and therefore provably precedes any plugin bytecode, whereas

src/slic3r/plugin/PluginAuditManager.hpp

@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@
 // Via pybind11 so this file requests the same python3xx.lib as everything else.
 #include <boost/filesystem/path.hpp>
 #include <pybind11/conduit/wrap_include_python_h.h>
+#include <functional>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <string>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
@@ -25,6 +24,19 @@ struct AuditViolation {
     std::string            reason;
 };
 
+// One classified CPython audit event observed while the probe is in record-only mode. This is
+// evidence about the code path that ran, not a grant request: the hook allowed the operation to
+// continue and did not consult the permission dialog or the persisted install state.
+struct AuditObservation {
+    std::string              plugin_key;
+    std::string              capability;
+    std::string              phase;
+    std::string              event_name;
+    std::string              category;
+    std::vector<std::string> targets;
+    bool                     continued = true;
+};
+
 // A filesystem root a plugin may access while an audit context is active. allow_write is
 // false for a root that only grants reads (e.g. the bundled, shared resources folder) --
 // a write-shaped event never matches such a root, even though a read-shaped one does.
@@ -138,21 +150,56 @@ public:
     bool request_filesystem_read_permissions(const std::string& plugin_key,
                                              const std::vector<std::string>& paths);
 
+    // --- probe observation mode (thread-safe, never used by the GUI) ---
+    // When an observer is installed, every classified event raised by plugin-authored code is
+    // reported to it and then allowed through (the hook returns 0). The permission dialogs, saved
+    // grants and .install_state.json are never consulted, so this is not a containment boundary.
+    // The observer must not touch Python objects: it runs inside the audit hook with the GIL held.
+    using AuditObserver = std::function<void(const AuditObservation&)>;
+    void set_observation_observer(AuditObserver observer);
+    void clear_observation_observer();
+    bool observation_mode() const;
+
+    // Stop after classification/target extraction; true means an observer consumed the event.
+    // Exposed for the probe and its tests, not for production callers.
+    bool record_observation(const std::string& event_name,
+                            const std::string& category,
+                            const std::vector<std::string>& targets);
+
+    // --- probe phase attribution (thread_local) ---
+    // Labels events for the probe's report. Production leaves it empty. A Python thread spawned by
+    // plugin code inherits no phase, so its events are reported as unattributed rather than being
+    // guessed at.
+    void               set_current_audit_phase(const std::string& phase);
+    const std::string& current_audit_phase() const;
+    void               clear_current_audit_phase();
+
     void report_violation(const AuditViolation& violation);
     bool audit_denial_pending() const;
     void clear_audit_denial();
     void clear_last_violation();
     bool last_violation(AuditViolation& violation) const;
 
-    // --- call-site cascade cache ---
+    // --- operation-root frames ---
-    // A single plugin action often fires several nested CPython audit events as it passes
+    // One stdlib operation fires several nested audit events as it passes through lower layers:
-    // through stdlib layers (urllib.request calling http.client calling socket, for example).
+    // urlopen() raises urllib.Request, then http.client and socket events. When an operation's
-    // Once the user approves one event, every stdlib frame still on the stack for that call
+    // own root event is granted (by a saved grant or the user), the stdlib frame that raised it
-    // is recorded here by (filename, function, first line) identity. A later event whose own
+    // is held, and a later event whose stack reaches that frame through stdlib frames only is
-    // ancestor chain still contains one of those frames is the same logical action seen from
+    // part of the same operation, so it is allowed without a prompt of its own. Plugin or
-    // a deeper layer, so it is auto-approved instead of prompting again.
+    // library code the operation calls back into is judged on its own. A frame is let go once it
-    bool has_approved_ancestor(const std::string& plugin_key, const std::vector<std::string>& call_site_ids) const;
+    // returns, a suspended generator's (os.walk) when the audit scope ends. Letting a frame go may
-    void record_approved_call_sites(const std::string& plugin_key, const std::vector<std::string>& call_site_ids);
+    // run finalizers of objects its locals held; they are judged as the plugin and never prompt.
+    void record_root_frame();
+    bool covered_by_root_frame() const;
+    bool releasing_frames() const;
+
+    // True when code from `filename` (a code object's co_filename) is the interpreter's own
+    // stdlib: the only code a root frame's coverage passes through. Valid after install_hook().
+    static bool is_stdlib_file(const std::string& filename);
+
+    // Answers permission prompts in place of the dialog, for tests. Production never sets it.
+    using PermissionPrompt = std::function<bool(const std::string& event_name, const std::vector<std::string>& targets)>;
+    static void set_permission_prompt_for_testing(PermissionPrompt prompt);
 
     bool verbose_events = true;
 
@@ -163,24 +210,38 @@ private:
 
     static int audit_hook(const char* event, PyObject* args, void* user_data);
 
+    // Drops the references in `frames`, keeping the caller's error and denial state intact.
+    void release_frames(std::vector<PyObject*>& frames);
+
     static thread_local std::string                   m_current_plugin_key;
     static thread_local std::string                   m_current_capability_name;
+    static thread_local std::string                   m_current_audit_phase;
     static thread_local std::vector<AllowedRoot>       m_scoped_allowed_roots;
+    static thread_local std::vector<PyObject*>         m_root_frames; // strong references
+    static thread_local int                            m_releasing_frames;
     static thread_local bool                           m_audit_denial_pending;
     static thread_local bool                           m_has_last_violation;
     static thread_local AuditViolation                 m_last_violation;
 
-    // mutable: is_denied_filename() and has_approved_ancestor() are const queries that must lock.
+    // mutable: is_denied_filename() is a const query that must lock.
     mutable std::mutex m_mutex;
     std::vector<AllowedRoot>             m_global_allowed_roots;
     std::vector<std::string>             m_denied_filenames;
     std::vector<std::string>             m_denied_path_keywords;
-    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unordered_set<std::string>> m_approved_call_sites; // plugin_key -> call-site ids
+
+    // Kept apart from m_mutex: observation_mode() is queried from the audit hook while the hook
+    // already holds the GIL, and the setter runs before plugin code starts.
+    mutable std::mutex m_observer_mutex;
+    AuditObserver      m_observation_observer;
 };
 
 // RAII guard that sets the current plugin key and capability name, restoring the previous
 // pair on scope exit. `capability_name` may be empty for calls that are not scoped to a
 // single capability.
+//
+// Each scope owns the root frames recorded inside it and lets them go, as its own plugin, before
+// restoring the outer context. That needs the GIL whenever a frame is still held, so construct
+// the scope after the GIL guard, to be destroyed before it.
 class ScopedPluginAuditContext
 {
 public:
@@ -194,9 +255,28 @@ public:
     ScopedPluginAuditContext& operator=(const ScopedPluginAuditContext&) = delete;
 
 private:
+    std::string                   m_plugin_key;
+    std::string                   m_capability;
     std::string                   m_previous_id;
     std::string                   m_previous_capability;
     std::vector<AllowedRoot>      m_previous_scoped_roots;
+    std::vector<PyObject*>        m_previous_root_frames;
+};
+
+// Sets the probe's phase label on the current thread and restores the previous one on scope exit.
+// Empty in production, where no phase is ever set.
+class ScopedPluginAuditPhase
+{
+public:
+    explicit ScopedPluginAuditPhase(std::string phase);
+    ~ScopedPluginAuditPhase();
+
+    ScopedPluginAuditPhase(const ScopedPluginAuditPhase&)            = delete;
+    ScopedPluginAuditPhase& operator=(const ScopedPluginAuditPhase&) = delete;
+
+private:
+    std::string m_phase;
+    std::string m_previous_phase;
 };
 
 } // namespace Slic3r

src/slic3r/plugin/PluginAuditManagerGui.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+#include "PluginAuditManagerInternal.hpp"
+
+#include "PluginDescriptor.hpp"
+#include "PluginFsUtils.hpp"
+#include "PluginManager.hpp"
+
+#include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/filesystem/path.hpp>
+#include <boost/log/trivial.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <future>
+#include <memory>
+#include <slic3r/plugin/PluginAuditManager.hpp>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <slic3r/GUI/GUI_App.hpp>
+#include <slic3r/GUI/I18N.hpp>
+
+#include <wx/app.h>
+#include <wx/msgdlg.h>
+#include <wx/string.h>
+#include <wx/thread.h>
+
+namespace Slic3r {
+namespace {
+
+// The saved list that grants an event: its category's target list, or the event-grant list for
+// an event with no target. Kept apart, so that no grant doubles as a target of the same name (an
+// os.fork grant is not an os.exec of a command named "os.fork").
+std::vector<std::string>* permission_list_for(AuditEventCategory category, bool by_event, PluginPermissions& permissions)
+{
+    if (by_event)
+        return &permissions.events;
+
+    switch (category) {
+    case AuditEventCategory::FsRead:        return &permissions.fs_read;
+    case AuditEventCategory::FsReadWrite:   return &permissions.fs_readwrite;
+    case AuditEventCategory::Http:          return &permissions.network_http;
+    case AuditEventCategory::Socket:        return &permissions.network_socket;
+    case AuditEventCategory::ProcessCreate: return &permissions.process;
+    case AuditEventCategory::Threading:     return &permissions.threading;
+    case AuditEventCategory::ProcessReplace: return &permissions.process;
+    default:                                return nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+// An event with no target is granted by its effective category and name, e.g. "FsRead:open"
+// for a read of a file descriptor, which does not grant a write of one ("FsReadWrite:open").
+std::string event_grant_key(AuditEventCategory category, const std::string& event_name)
+{
+    return std::string(plugin_audit::category_name(category)) + ":" + event_name;
+}
+
+bool has_permission(const std::vector<std::string>& granted, const std::string& target)
+{
+    return std::find(granted.begin(), granted.end(), target) != granted.end();
+}
+
+bool persist_permission(const std::string&        plugin_key,
+                        PluginInstallState&       state,
+                        std::vector<std::string>& permission_list,
+                        const std::string&        target)
+{
+    PluginDescriptor descriptor;
+    if (!PluginManager::instance().try_get_plugin_descriptor(plugin_key, descriptor) || descriptor.plugin_root.empty())
+        return false;
+
+    // A sandbox plugin may not have a sidecar yet.  Seed the small amount of install metadata
+    // needed by the writer so clicking Yes still creates the JSON file.
+    if (state.plugin_name.empty()) {
+        state.installed_from    = descriptor.is_cloud_plugin() ? "cloud" : "local";
+        state.installed_version = !descriptor.installed_version.empty() ? descriptor.installed_version : descriptor.version;
+        state.plugin_name       = descriptor.name;
+        state.cloud_uuid        = descriptor.cloud_uuid();
+        state.enabled            = true;
+    }
+
+    if (!has_permission(permission_list, target))
+        permission_list.push_back(target);
+    return write_install_state(boost::filesystem::path(descriptor.plugin_root), state);
+}
+
+wxString audit_message(AuditEventCategory category, const wxString& plugin_name, const wxString& event_name,
+                       const wxString& target_list, size_t target_count)
+{
+    if (target_list.IsEmpty())
+        return wxString::Format(
+            _L("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting permission for the Python audit event \"%s\".\n\n"
+                "This operation does not expose a target the audit hook can display."),
+            plugin_name, event_name);
+
+    switch (category) {
+    case AuditEventCategory::FsRead:
+        return wxString::Format(_L_PLURAL("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to read the following file:\n%s",
+                                          "Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to read the following files:\n%s", target_count),
+                                plugin_name, target_list);
+    case AuditEventCategory::FsReadWrite:
+        return wxString::Format(_L_PLURAL("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to read/write the following file:\n%s",
+                                          "Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to read/write the following files:\n%s", target_count),
+                                plugin_name, target_list);
+    case AuditEventCategory::FsCreate:
+        return wxString::Format(_L_PLURAL("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to create the following file:\n%s",
+                                          "Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to create the following files:\n%s", target_count),
+                                plugin_name, target_list);
+    case AuditEventCategory::FsDelete:
+        return wxString::Format(_L_PLURAL("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to delete the following file:\n%s",
+                                          "Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to delete the following files:\n%s", target_count),
+                                plugin_name, target_list);
+    case AuditEventCategory::Http:
+        return wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to make an HTTP request to:\n%s"), plugin_name, target_list);
+    case AuditEventCategory::Socket:
+        return wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to open a network connection to:\n%s"), plugin_name, target_list);
+    case AuditEventCategory::ProcessCreate:
+        return wxString::Format(_L_PLURAL("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to run the following command:\n%s",
+                                          "Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to run the following commands:\n%s", target_count),
+                                plugin_name, target_list);
+    case AuditEventCategory::Threading:
+        return wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting permission to create a thread."), plugin_name);
+    case AuditEventCategory::ProcessReplace:
+        return wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting to replace the running application with:\n%s"), plugin_name, target_list);
+    default:
+        return wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" is requesting permission for the Python audit event \"%s\"."), plugin_name, event_name);
+    }
+}
+
+// Builds and shows the modal permission prompt. Must run on the GUI thread.
+bool prompt_for_targets(AuditEventCategory category, const std::string& plugin_name, const std::string& event_name,
+                        const std::vector<std::string>& unresolved)
+{
+    wxString target_list;
+    for (const auto& target : unresolved)
+        target_list += wxString::FromUTF8(target.c_str()) + "\n";
+
+    wxMessageDialog dialog(nullptr,
+                           audit_message(category, wxString::FromUTF8(plugin_name.c_str()),
+                                        wxString::FromUTF8(event_name.c_str()), target_list, unresolved.size()),
+                           _L("Plugin permission request"), wxYES_NO | wxICON_WARNING);
+    return dialog.ShowModal() == wxID_YES;
+}
+
+// Records a grant in the plugin's sidecar so it is not asked again. Reads the install state
+// freshly because the async prompt outlives the caller's stack copy of it.
+void persist_grant(const std::string& plugin_key, AuditEventCategory category, bool by_event, const std::vector<std::string>& keys)
+{
+    PluginInstallState state;
+    if (!PluginManager::instance().get_install_state(plugin_key, state))
+        return;
+
+    std::vector<std::string>* permission_list = permission_list_for(category, by_event, state.permissions);
+    if (!permission_list)
+        return;
+
+    for (const auto& key : keys)
+        persist_permission(plugin_key, state, *permission_list, key);
+}
+
+PluginAuditManager::PermissionPrompt s_permission_prompt_for_testing;
+
+// Asks the user to grant an audited event, returning true when they approve an inline prompt.
+// `keys` are what a Yes saves: the unresolved targets, or the event-grant key when the event has
+// no target (by_event), which the prompt does not show as a target.
+//
+// An audited event can fire on a thread the UI thread may itself be blocked waiting on: the
+// SlicingPipeline hook runs on the slicing worker thread (see PluginHooks.cpp), and
+// BackgroundSlicingProcess::stop()/stop_internal() park the UI thread until that worker stops.
+// Blocking the worker on a marshaled modal -- which is safe for the plugin-load worker that
+// request_filesystem_read_permissions runs on -- would therefore deadlock the application (the
+// invariant PluginHostUi.cpp documents for slicing-hook UI calls). Off the main thread the prompt
+// is therefore posted asynchronously and the current event denied (fail closed, like an unanswered
+// prompt); the grant is persisted once the user accepts, so a later attempt succeeds without
+// re-prompting.
+bool request_permission(AuditEventCategory category, const std::string& plugin_key, const std::string& plugin_name,
+                        const std::string& event_name, bool by_event, const std::vector<std::string>& keys)
+{
+    const std::vector<std::string> shown = by_event ? std::vector<std::string>{} : keys;
+
+    if (s_permission_prompt_for_testing)
+        return s_permission_prompt_for_testing(event_name, shown);
+
+    if (wxTheApp == nullptr || GUI::wxGetApp().is_closing())
+        return false;
+
+    if (wxIsMainThread())
+        return prompt_for_targets(category, plugin_name, event_name, shown);
+
+    GUI::wxGetApp().CallAfter([category, plugin_key, plugin_name, event_name, by_event, keys, shown]() {
+        if (wxTheApp == nullptr || GUI::wxGetApp().is_closing())
+            return;
+        if (prompt_for_targets(category, plugin_name, event_name, shown))
+            persist_grant(plugin_key, category, by_event, keys);
+    });
+    return false;
+}
+
+// Decides an event that no allowed root or running operation covers: a saved grant allows it,
+// otherwise the user is asked and a Yes is saved.
+int decide_audited_event(PluginAuditManager&             mgr,
+                         PluginInstallState&              state,
+                         const std::string&                plugin_key,
+                         const std::string&                plugin_name,
+                         const std::string&                event_name,
+                         AuditEventCategory                category,
+                         const std::vector<std::string>&   targets)
+{
+    const bool                     by_event = targets.empty();
+    const std::vector<std::string> keys     = by_event ? std::vector<std::string>{event_grant_key(category, event_name)} : targets;
+    std::vector<std::string>*      permission_list = permission_list_for(category, by_event, state.permissions);
+
+    std::vector<std::string> unresolved = keys;
+    if (permission_list) {
+        unresolved.clear();
+        for (const auto& key : keys)
+            if (!has_permission(*permission_list, key))
+                unresolved.push_back(key);
+        if (unresolved.empty())
+            return 0;
+    }
+
+    // Letting a root frame go runs finalizers inside a scope destructor or another event's hook,
+    // where no dialog may open: what they do must already be granted.
+    if (mgr.releasing_frames())
+        return plugin_audit::report_denied(mgr, event_name, {false, "audit permission required"});
+
+    if (!request_permission(category, plugin_key, plugin_name, event_name, by_event, unresolved))
+        return plugin_audit::report_denied(mgr, event_name, {false, "audit permission required"});
+
+    if (permission_list)
+        for (const auto& key : unresolved)
+            persist_permission(plugin_key, state, *permission_list, key);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+bool plugin_audit::request_filesystem_read_permissions(const std::string&              plugin_key,
+                                                       const std::vector<std::string>& paths)
+{
+    PluginDescriptor descriptor;
+    if (!PluginManager::instance().try_get_plugin_descriptor(plugin_key, descriptor) || descriptor.plugin_root.empty())
+        return false;
+
+    PluginInstallState state;
+    read_install_state(boost::filesystem::path(descriptor.plugin_root), state);
+
+    std::vector<std::string> missing;
+    for (const std::string& path : paths) {
+        if (std::find(state.permissions.fs_read.begin(), state.permissions.fs_read.end(), path) == state.permissions.fs_read.end())
+            missing.push_back(path);
+    }
+    if (missing.empty())
+        return true;
+
+    if (wxTheApp == nullptr || GUI::wxGetApp().is_closing())
+        return false;
+
+    auto show_dialog = [&descriptor, &missing]() {
+        wxString requested_paths;
+        for (const std::string& path : missing)
+            requested_paths += wxString::FromUTF8(path.c_str()) + "\n";
+
+        wxMessageDialog dialog(
+            nullptr,
+            wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" requests filesystem read access to:\n%s"),
+                             wxString::FromUTF8(descriptor.name.c_str()), requested_paths),
+            _L("Plugin permissions"),
+            wxYES_NO | wxICON_WARNING);
+        return dialog.ShowModal() == wxID_YES;
+    };
+
+    bool granted = false;
+    if (wxIsMainThread()) {
+        granted = show_dialog();
+    } else {
+        auto result = std::make_shared<std::promise<bool>>();
+        auto future = result->get_future();
+        GUI::wxGetApp().CallAfter([result, descriptor_name = descriptor.name, missing]() {
+            wxString requested_paths;
+            for (const std::string& path : missing)
+                requested_paths += wxString::FromUTF8(path.c_str()) + "\n";
+
+            wxMessageDialog dialog(
+                nullptr,
+                wxString::Format(_L("Plugin \"%s\" requests filesystem read access to:\n%s"),
+                                 wxString::FromUTF8(descriptor_name.c_str()), requested_paths),
+                _L("Plugin permissions"),
+                wxYES_NO | wxICON_WARNING);
+            result->set_value(dialog.ShowModal() == wxID_YES);
+        });
+        granted = future.get();
+    }
+
+    if (!granted)
+        return false;
+
+    if (state.plugin_name.empty()) {
+        state.installed_from    = descriptor.is_cloud_plugin() ? "cloud" : "local";
+        state.installed_version = !descriptor.installed_version.empty() ? descriptor.installed_version : descriptor.version;
+        state.plugin_name       = descriptor.name;
+        state.cloud_uuid        = descriptor.cloud_uuid();
+        state.enabled            = true;
+    }
+
+    state.permissions.fs_read.insert(state.permissions.fs_read.end(), missing.begin(), missing.end());
+    return write_install_state(boost::filesystem::path(descriptor.plugin_root), state);
+}
+
+int plugin_audit::decide_event(PluginAuditManager&             mgr,
+                               const std::string&              event_name,
+                               AuditEventCategory              category,
+                               const std::vector<std::string>& targets)
+{
+    PluginInstallState state;
+    const bool have_install_state = PluginManager::instance().get_install_state(mgr.current_plugin(), state);
+    if (!have_install_state) {
+        BOOST_LOG_TRIVIAL(warning) << __FUNCTION__ << " Failed to get install state for " << mgr.current_plugin();
+    }
+
+    const std::string plugin_name = state.plugin_name.empty() ? mgr.current_plugin() : state.plugin_name;
+
+    return decide_audited_event(mgr, state, mgr.current_plugin(), plugin_name, event_name, category, targets);
+}
+
+void PluginAuditManager::set_permission_prompt_for_testing(PermissionPrompt prompt)
+{
+    s_permission_prompt_for_testing = std::move(prompt);
+}
+
+} // namespace Slic3r

src/slic3r/plugin/PluginAuditManagerInternal.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#ifndef slic3r_PluginAuditManagerInternal_hpp_
+#define slic3r_PluginAuditManagerInternal_hpp_
+
+// Internal seam between the GUI-free audit core and the permission front end. The GUI library
+// supplies the dialogs, prompts and .install_state.json persistence; the headless probe supplies
+// a fail-closed implementation that never links wx. Production behavior lives in the GUI
+// implementation, which is the code that used to be part of PluginAuditManager.cpp.
+
+#include "PluginAuditManager.hpp"
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Slic3r::plugin_audit {
+
+const char* category_name(AuditEventCategory category);
+
+int report_denied(PluginAuditManager&       mgr,
+                  const std::string&        event_name,
+                  const AuditDecision&      decision,
+                  const std::string&        target = {});
+
+// Used only when the manager is not in observation mode. The GUI implementation consults the
+// install state, prompts and persists; the probe implementation fails closed.
+bool request_filesystem_read_permissions(const std::string&              plugin_key,
+                                         const std::vector<std::string>& paths);
+
+// Decides an event that no allowed root or running operation covered. The GUI implementation
+// reads the install state and prompts; the probe implementation fails closed. In observation
+// mode the audit hook records and returns before reaching this seam.
+int decide_event(PluginAuditManager&             mgr,
+                 const std::string&              event_name,
+                 AuditEventCategory              category,
+                 const std::vector<std::string>& targets);
+
+} // namespace Slic3r::plugin_audit
+
+#endif // slic3r_PluginAuditManagerInternal_hpp_

src/slic3r/plugin/PluginFsUtils.cpp

@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
 
 #include "PluginAuditManager.hpp"
 #include "PythonInterpreter.hpp"
-#include "slic3r/GUI/I18N.hpp"
+#include "PluginText.hpp"
-#include "slic3r/GUI/format.hpp"
 
 #include <exception>
 #include <miniz.h>
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ bool resolve_allowed_plugin_root(const PluginDescriptor& descriptor,
 
     const fs::path plugin_root = resolve_plugin_root_from_descriptor(descriptor);
     if (plugin_root.empty()) {
-        error = _u8L("Plugin folder could not be determined.");
+        error = PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin folder could not be determined.");
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ bool resolve_allowed_plugin_root(const PluginDescriptor& descriptor,
         resolved_root = fs::absolute(plugin_root, ec);
     }
     if (ec || resolved_root.empty()) {
-        error = GUI::format(_u8L("Failed to resolve plugin folder: %1%"), plugin_root.string());
+        error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Failed to resolve plugin folder: %1%"), plugin_root.string());
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ bool delete_plugin_root(const boost::filesystem::path& resolved_root, const std:
     const auto removed_count = fs::remove_all(resolved_root, ec);
     if (ec) {
         // TRN %1% is a folder path, %2% the system error message.
-        error = GUI::format(_u8L("Failed to delete plugin folder %1%: %2%"), resolved_root.string(), ec.message());
+        error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Failed to delete plugin folder %1%: %2%"), resolved_root.string(), ec.message());
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -808,6 +807,7 @@ bool read_install_state(const boost::filesystem::path& plugin_dir, PluginInstall
             read_string_list("network_socket", parsed.permissions.network_socket);
             read_string_list("process", parsed.permissions.process);
             read_string_list("threading", parsed.permissions.threading);
+            read_string_list("events", parsed.permissions.events);
         }
 
         if (state.contains("enabled") && state["enabled"].is_boolean())
@@ -852,6 +852,7 @@ bool write_install_state(const boost::filesystem::path& plugin_dir, const Plugin
         {"network_socket", state.permissions.network_socket},
         {"process", state.permissions.process},
         {"threading", state.permissions.threading},
+        {"events", state.permissions.events},
     };
 
     nlohmann::json capabilities = nlohmann::json::array();
@@ -1197,7 +1198,7 @@ boost::filesystem::path find_installed_plugin_entry(const boost::filesystem::pat
     namespace fs = boost::filesystem;
 
     if (!fs::exists(plugin_dir) || !fs::is_directory(plugin_dir)) {
-        error = GUI::format(_u8L("Plugin directory does not exist: %1%"), plugin_dir.string());
+        error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin directory does not exist: %1%"), plugin_dir.string());
         return {};
     }
 
@@ -1214,7 +1215,7 @@ boost::filesystem::path find_installed_plugin_entry(const boost::filesystem::pat
         if (ext == ".py") {
             if (!py_entry.empty()) {
                 // TRN %1% and %2% are file names.
-                error = GUI::format(_u8L("Plugin directory contains multiple .py files: %1% and %2%"),
+                error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin directory contains multiple .py files: %1% and %2%"),
                                     py_entry.filename().string(), it->path().filename().string());
                 return {};
             }
@@ -1222,7 +1223,7 @@ boost::filesystem::path find_installed_plugin_entry(const boost::filesystem::pat
         } else if (ext == ".whl") {
             if (!whl_entry.empty()) {
                 // TRN %1% and %2% are file names.
-                error = GUI::format(_u8L("Plugin directory contains multiple .whl files: %1% and %2%"),
+                error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin directory contains multiple .whl files: %1% and %2%"),
                                     whl_entry.filename().string(), it->path().filename().string());
                 return {};
             }
@@ -1231,7 +1232,7 @@ boost::filesystem::path find_installed_plugin_entry(const boost::filesystem::pat
     }
 
     if (!py_entry.empty() && !whl_entry.empty()) {
-        error = _u8L("Plugin directory contains both .py and .whl entry files");
+        error = PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin directory contains both .py and .whl entry files");
         return {};
     }
 
@@ -1241,7 +1242,7 @@ boost::filesystem::path find_installed_plugin_entry(const boost::filesystem::pat
     if (!whl_entry.empty())
         return whl_entry;
 
-    error = _u8L("Plugin directory does not contain a .py or .whl entry file");
+    error = PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin directory does not contain a .py or .whl entry file");
     return {};
 }
 
@@ -1258,34 +1259,34 @@ std::vector<std::string> collect_resource_texture_files(const std::string& dir,
     error.clear();
 
     if (dir.empty()) {
-        error = _u8L("Resource texture directory is not set");
+        error = PLUGIN_U8L("Resource texture directory is not set");
         return files;
     }
     if (plugin_root.empty()) {
-        error = _u8L("Plugin folder could not be determined.");
+        error = PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin folder could not be determined.");
         return files;
     }
 
     boost::system::error_code ec;
     const fs::path resolved_dir = fs::weakly_canonical(fs::path(dir), ec);
     if (ec) {
-        error = _u8L("Resource texture directory could not be resolved");
+        error = PLUGIN_U8L("Resource texture directory could not be resolved");
         return files;
     }
 
     if (!fs::is_directory(resolved_dir, ec) || ec) {
-        error = _u8L("Resource texture path is not a directory");
+        error = PLUGIN_U8L("Resource texture path is not a directory");
         return files;
     }
 
     const fs::path resolved_root = fs::weakly_canonical(fs::path(plugin_root), ec);
     if (ec) {
-        error = _u8L("Plugin folder could not be resolved");
+        error = PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin folder could not be resolved");
         return files;
     }
 
     if (!is_inside_allowed_root(resolved_dir, resolved_root)) {
-        error = _u8L("Resource texture directory is outside the plugin folder");
+        error = PLUGIN_U8L("Resource texture directory is outside the plugin folder");
         return files;
     }
 
@@ -1310,7 +1311,7 @@ std::vector<std::string> collect_resource_texture_files(const std::string& dir,
     }
 
     if (ec) {
-        error = _u8L("Resource texture directory could not be read");
+        error = PLUGIN_U8L("Resource texture directory could not be read");
         return {};
     }
 

src/slic3r/plugin/PluginFsUtils.hpp

@@ -104,6 +104,8 @@ struct PluginPermissions
     std::vector<std::string> network_socket;
     std::vector<std::string> process;
     std::vector<std::string> threading;
+    // Grants for audit events that expose no target, keyed "<category>:<event>" (e.g. "Socket:socket.__new__").
+    std::vector<std::string> events;
 };
 
 struct PluginInstallState {

src/slic3r/plugin/PluginLoader.cpp

@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@
 #include "PythonPluginBridge.hpp"
 #include "pluginTypes/resourceTexture/ResourceTexturePluginCapability.hpp"
 #include "libslic3r/Utils.hpp"
-#include "slic3r/GUI/I18N.hpp"
+#include "PluginText.hpp"
-#include "slic3r/GUI/format.hpp"
 
 #include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
 #include <boost/algorithm/string/case_conv.hpp>
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ bool read_local_plugin_package_metadata(const boost::filesystem::path& source_pa
 
     const std::string ext = plugin_package_extension(source_path);
     if (ext != ".py" && ext != ".whl") {
-        error = GUI::format(_u8L("Plugin package must be a .py or .whl file, got: %1%"), ext);
+        error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin package must be a .py or .whl file, got: %1%"), ext);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -179,14 +178,14 @@ bool add_wheel_dependencies_to_sys_path(const PluginDescriptor& descriptor,
             std::string extract_error;
             if (!extract_zip_to_directory(it->path(), dep_dir, extract_error)) {
                 // TRN %1% is the dependency file, %2% the error detail.
-                error = GUI::format(_u8L("Failed to extract plugin .whl dependency %1%: %2%"), it->path().string(), extract_error);
+                error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Failed to extract plugin .whl dependency %1%: %2%"), it->path().string(), extract_error);
                 return false;
             }
         }
 
         std::string syspath_error;
         if (!interpreter.add_plugin_sys_path(dep_dir.string(), syspath_error)) {
-            error = GUI::format(_u8L("Failed to add .whl dependency to sys.path: %1%"), syspath_error);
+            error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Failed to add .whl dependency to sys.path: %1%"), syspath_error);
             return false;
         }
         plugin_paths.push_back(dep_dir.string());
@@ -248,12 +247,12 @@ bool load(const PluginDescriptor&                          descriptor,
 
     PythonInterpreter& interpreter = PythonInterpreter::instance();
     if (!interpreter.is_initialized()) {
-        error = GUI::format(_u8L("Python interpreter not initialized: %1%"), interpreter.last_error());
+        error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Python interpreter not initialized: %1%"), interpreter.last_error());
         return false;
     }
 
     if (!descriptor.is_metadata_valid()) {
-        error = GUI::format(_u8L("Plugin manifest is invalid: %1%"), descriptor.plugin_key);
+        error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin manifest is invalid: %1%"), descriptor.plugin_key);
         if (descriptor.has_error())
             error += " - " + descriptor.normalized_error();
         return false;
@@ -274,7 +273,7 @@ bool load(const PluginDescriptor&                          descriptor,
     if (!skip_deps) {
         std::string pkg_install_error;
         if (!install_packages(descriptor.dependencies, pkg_install_error)) {
-            error = GUI::format(_u8L("Failed to install plugin dependencies: %1%"), pkg_install_error);
+            error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Failed to install plugin dependencies: %1%"), pkg_install_error);
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -293,7 +292,7 @@ bool load(const PluginDescriptor&                          descriptor,
     PyObject*   module = import_plugin_module(descriptor, plugin.plugin_sys_paths, plugin.plugin_modules, load_error);
     if (module == nullptr) {
         bridge.cancel_plugin_capture(descriptor.entry_path);
-        error = GUI::format(_u8L("Failed to load plugin module: %1%"), load_error);
+        error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Failed to load plugin module: %1%"), load_error);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -308,13 +307,13 @@ bool load(const PluginDescriptor&                          descriptor,
     auto        capabilities_found = bridge.finalize_plugin_capture(descriptor.entry_path, descriptor.plugin_key, bridge_error);
     if (!bridge_error.empty()) {
         capabilities_found.clear();
-        error = GUI::format(_u8L("Plugin registration failed: %1%"), bridge_error);
+        error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin registration failed: %1%"), bridge_error);
         if (registration_failed != nullptr)
             *registration_failed = true;
         return false;
     }
     if (capabilities_found.empty()) {
-        error = _u8L("Plugin module did not register any capabilities");
+        error = PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin module did not register any capabilities");
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -366,7 +365,7 @@ bool load(const PluginDescriptor&                          descriptor,
 
                     if (!seen_capabilities[type].insert(found.name).second) {
                         // TRN %1% is the capability name, %2% the capability type (e.g. Script).
-                        materialization_error = GUI::format(_u8L("Plugin declares duplicate capability '%1%' for type %2%"),
+                        materialization_error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin declares duplicate capability '%1%' for type %2%"),
                                                             found.name, PluginConfig::capability_type_label(type));
                         break;
                     }
@@ -422,9 +421,9 @@ bool load(const PluginDescriptor&                          descriptor,
                     capabilities.push_back(std::move(instance));
                 }
             } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
-                materialization_error = GUI::format(_u8L("Plugin capability materialization failed: %1%"), ex.what());
+                materialization_error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin capability materialization failed: %1%"), ex.what());
             } catch (...) {
-                materialization_error = _u8L("Plugin capability materialization failed");
+                materialization_error = PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin capability materialization failed");
             }
         }
 
@@ -466,11 +465,11 @@ bool load(const PluginDescriptor&                          descriptor,
     } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
         teardown_capabilities(plugin.capabilities, lifecycle_count);
         // TRN on_load is the name of the plugin's startup function; keep it untranslated.
-        error = GUI::format(_u8L("Plugin on_load failed: %1%"), ex.what());
+        error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin on_load failed: %1%"), ex.what());
         return false;
     } catch (...) {
         teardown_capabilities(plugin.capabilities, lifecycle_count);
-        error = _u8L("Plugin on_load failed");
+        error = PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin on_load failed");
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -651,7 +650,7 @@ bool install_plugin(const boost::filesystem::path& filepath,
     bool     backup_created = false;
 
     auto fail = [&error](const std::string& message) {
-        error = GUI::format(_u8L("Plugin installation failed: %1%"), message);
+        error = PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin installation failed: %1%"), message);
         return false;
     };
 
@@ -659,23 +658,23 @@ bool install_plugin(const boost::filesystem::path& filepath,
     const fs::path            source_path = canonical_or_absolute(filepath);
 
     if (!fs::exists(source_path, ec) || !fs::is_regular_file(source_path, ec))
-        return fail(GUI::format(_u8L("Plugin package is not a file: %1%"), filepath.string()));
+        return fail(PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin package is not a file: %1%"), filepath.string()));
 
     const std::string ext = plugin_package_extension(source_path);
     if (ext != ".py" && ext != ".whl")
-        return fail(GUI::format(_u8L("Plugin package must be a .py or .whl file, got: %1%"), ext));
+        return fail(PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin package must be a .py or .whl file, got: %1%"), ext));
     // The cloud UUID is concatenated into the install path (final_dir = plugin_root / cloud_uuid).
     // It comes verbatim from the server's catalog JSON, so reject anything that could escape the
     // per-user plugin root (traversal, leading dots, separators) before touching the filesystem.
     if (is_cloud_install && !is_valid_plugin_id(cloud_uuid))
-        return fail(GUI::format(_u8L("Cloud plugin UUID is not a valid identifier: %1%"), cloud_uuid));
+        return fail(PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Cloud plugin UUID is not a valid identifier: %1%"), cloud_uuid));
 
     const fs::path plugin_root = is_cloud_install && !cloud_user_id.empty() ? fs::path(get_cloud_plugin_dir(cloud_user_id)) :
                                                                              local_plugin_root();
     fs::create_directories(plugin_root, ec);
     if (ec)
         // TRN %1% is a folder path, %2% the system error message.
-        return fail(GUI::format(_u8L("Failed to create plugin directory %1%: %2%"), plugin_root.string(), ec.message()));
+        return fail(PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Failed to create plugin directory %1%: %2%"), plugin_root.string(), ec.message()));
 
     std::string meta_error;
     if (is_cloud_install) {
@@ -718,7 +717,7 @@ bool install_plugin(const boost::filesystem::path& filepath,
         fs::rename(final_dir, backup_dir, ec);
         if (ec)
             // TRN %1% is a folder path, %2% the system error message.
-            return fail(GUI::format(_u8L("Failed to back up existing plugin %1%: %2%"), final_dir.string(), ec.message()));
+            return fail(PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Failed to back up existing plugin %1%: %2%"), final_dir.string(), ec.message()));
         backup_created = true;
     }
 
@@ -729,7 +728,7 @@ bool install_plugin(const boost::filesystem::path& filepath,
             boost::system::error_code restore_ec;
             fs::rename(backup_dir, final_dir, restore_ec);
         }
-        return fail(GUI::format(_u8L("Failed to create plugin directory %1%: %2%"), final_dir.string(), ec.message()));
+        return fail(PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Failed to create plugin directory %1%: %2%"), final_dir.string(), ec.message()));
     }
 
     fs::copy_file(source_path, dest_file, ec);
@@ -740,7 +739,7 @@ bool install_plugin(const boost::filesystem::path& filepath,
             fs::rename(backup_dir, final_dir, restore_ec);
         }
         // TRN %1% is a file path, %2% the system error message.
-        return fail(GUI::format(_u8L("Failed to copy plugin file to %1%: %2%"), dest_file.string(), ec.message()));
+        return fail(PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Failed to copy plugin file to %1%: %2%"), dest_file.string(), ec.message()));
     }
 
     // Update entry_path to the installed location.
@@ -760,7 +759,7 @@ bool install_plugin(const boost::filesystem::path& filepath,
             fs::remove_all(final_dir, rollback_ec);
             if (backup_created)
                 fs::rename(backup_dir, final_dir, rollback_ec);
-            return fail(GUI::format(_u8L("Failed to write plugin install state: %1%"), (final_dir / INSTALL_STATE_FILE).string()));
+            return fail(PLUGIN_FORMAT(PLUGIN_U8L("Failed to write plugin install state: %1%"), (final_dir / INSTALL_STATE_FILE).string()));
         }
     }
 

src/slic3r/plugin/PluginManager.cpp

@@ -53,18 +53,6 @@ const char* const LOAD_CANCELLED = "__plugin_load_cancelled__";
 
 } // namespace
 
-void Plugin::release_module()
-{
-    if (module == nullptr && plugin_sys_paths.empty() && plugin_modules.empty())
-        return;
-
-    PythonInterpreter::instance().unload_module(module, module_name, plugin_sys_paths, plugin_modules);
-    module = nullptr;
-    module_name.clear();
-    plugin_sys_paths.clear();
-    plugin_modules.clear();
-}
-
 PluginManager& PluginManager::instance()
 {
     // Touch the interpreter first so its static outlives this one: ~Plugin needs it alive to

src/slic3r/plugin/PluginModule.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Plugin module ownership is part of the loader's contract, not of the registry's GUI-facing
+// surface. Kept in its own translation unit so the headless probe can link the loader without
+// pulling PluginManager.cpp (and therefore wx/GUI) into the probe.
+
+#include "PluginManager.hpp"
+#include "PythonInterpreter.hpp"
+
+namespace Slic3r {
+
+void Plugin::release_module()
+{
+    if (module == nullptr && plugin_sys_paths.empty() && plugin_modules.empty())
+        return;
+
+    PythonInterpreter::instance().unload_module(module, module_name, plugin_sys_paths, plugin_modules);
+    module = nullptr;
+    module_name.clear();
+    plugin_sys_paths.clear();
+    plugin_modules.clear();
+}
+
+} // namespace Slic3r

src/slic3r/plugin/PluginPermissionProbe.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+// Headless, record-only plugin permission probe.
+//
+// This is a developer/security-analysis tool, not a second production loader. It reuses the
+// embedded interpreter, the production plugin_loader sequence and the GUI-free `orca` bindings
+// (capability types plus the geometry/model/slicing host domains), so the observations come from
+// the same audit classification and target extraction as the GUI. It then lets every audited
+// operation continue instead of consulting permission grants or dialogs. Host domains that need
+// the live GUI (app, presets, ui) and plugin.storage are registered as explicit unsupported
+// errors; the config API reports an empty config and refuses writes.
+//
+// It is NOT a sandbox. Plugin code runs with the probe's filesystem, network and process
+// privileges. The temporary data directory only keeps OrcaSlicer's own state out of the user's
+// tree; it does not confine plugin-authored code. Use OS-level restrictions (container, user,
+// seccomp/AppArmor, firewall) when the package is not trusted.
+//
+// The report describes only the paths this run exercised. CPython audit events are observations of
+// particular operations, not a notification for every Python call, so absence of a category in the
+// report is not evidence that the plugin cannot perform it.
+
+#include "PluginAuditManager.hpp"
+#include "PluginDescriptor.hpp"
+#include "PluginFsUtils.hpp"
+#include "PluginLoader.hpp"
+#include "PluginManager.hpp"
+#include "PluginProbeCollector.hpp"
+#include "PythonInterpreter.hpp"
+#include "PythonPluginInterface.hpp"
+
+#include "libslic3r/LifecycleEvents.hpp"
+#include "libslic3r/Utils.hpp"
+
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/case_conv.hpp>
+#include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/filesystem/operations.hpp>
+#include <boost/filesystem/path.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+#include <pybind11/embed.h>
+#include <pybind11/gil.h>
+#include <pybind11/pytypes.h>
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <exception>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace fs = boost::filesystem;
+namespace py = pybind11;
+
+using namespace Slic3r;
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr const char* kLoadPhase = "load:import+registration+on_load";
+
+struct Options
+{
+    fs::path plugin_path;
+    bool json = false;
+};
+
+void print_usage(std::ostream& out)
+{
+    out << "Usage: orca-plugin-probe [--json] <plugin.py|plugin.whl>\n"
+           "\n"
+           "Runs a plugin in a temporary data/working directory and reports the CPython audit\n"
+           "events observed while its import, registration, on_load and discoverable callbacks\n"
+           "execute. The probe does not prompt for permissions, write grants, install dependencies,\n"
+           "or start the OrcaSlicer GUI.\n"
+           "\n"
+           "  --json   Emit the report as JSON (default: human-readable text)\n"
+           "  --help   Show this message\n"
+           "\n"
+           "WARNING: this is not a sandbox. Plugin Python code runs with this process's privileges.\n"
+           "Results are observational and non-exhaustive. Use OS-level restrictions for untrusted\n"
+           "packages.\n"
+           "\n"
+           "Exit status: 0 plugin loaded, 1 initialization/load failure, 2 usage error.\n";
+}
+
+bool parse_options(int argc, char** argv, Options& options, std::string& error)
+{
+    for (int index = 1; index < argc; ++index) {
+        const std::string argument = argv[index];
+        if (argument == "--help" || argument == "-h") {
+            print_usage(std::cout);
+            std::exit(0);
+        }
+        if (argument == "--json") {
+            options.json = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!argument.empty() && argument.front() == '-') {
+            error = "Unknown option: " + argument;
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!options.plugin_path.empty()) {
+            error = "Only one plugin package may be probed at a time.";
+            return false;
+        }
+        options.plugin_path = fs::path(argument);
+    }
+
+    if (options.plugin_path.empty()) {
+        error = "No plugin package given.";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Keep every write OrcaSlicer makes during the run inside a throwaway tree, and keep relative
+// paths opened by plugin code out of the caller's working directory. This is hygiene, not
+// confinement: an absolute path supplied by the plugin is still opened normally.
+class ScopedProbeWorkspace
+{
+public:
+    ScopedProbeWorkspace()
+        : m_root(fs::temp_directory_path() / fs::unique_path("orca-plugin-probe-%%%%-%%%%-%%%%"))
+        , m_previous_data_dir(data_dir())
+        , m_previous_working_dir(fs::current_path())
+    {
+        fs::create_directories(m_root);
+        set_data_dir(m_root.string());
+        fs::current_path(m_root);
+        m_moved = true;
+    }
+
+    ~ScopedProbeWorkspace()
+    {
+        boost::system::error_code ec;
+        set_data_dir(m_previous_data_dir);
+        if (m_moved)
+            fs::current_path(m_previous_working_dir, ec);
+        fs::remove_all(m_root, ec);
+    }
+
+    const fs::path& root() const { return m_root; }
+
+private:
+    fs::path m_root;
+    std::string m_previous_data_dir;
+    fs::path m_previous_working_dir;
+    bool m_moved = false;
+};
+
+class ScopedObservationObserver
+{
+public:
+    explicit ScopedObservationObserver(PluginProbeCollector& collector) : m_collector(collector)
+    {
+        PluginAuditManager::instance().set_observation_observer(
+            [this](const AuditObservation& observation) { m_collector.record(observation); });
+    }
+
+    ~ScopedObservationObserver() { PluginAuditManager::instance().clear_observation_observer(); }
+
+    ScopedObservationObserver(const ScopedObservationObserver&)            = delete;
+    ScopedObservationObserver& operator=(const ScopedObservationObserver&) = delete;
+
+private:
+    PluginProbeCollector& m_collector;
+};
+
+bool prepare_descriptor(const fs::path& plugin_path, PluginDescriptor& descriptor, std::string& error)
+{
+    boost::system::error_code ec;
+    const fs::path canonical = fs::weakly_canonical(plugin_path, ec);
+    if (ec || !fs::exists(canonical) || !fs::is_regular_file(canonical)) {
+        error = "Plugin package is not a readable file: " + plugin_path.string();
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::string extension = canonical.extension().string();
+    boost::algorithm::to_lower(extension);
+    if (extension != ".py" && extension != ".whl") {
+        error = "Plugin package must be a .py or .whl file, got: " + extension;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (extension == ".whl") {
+        if (!read_wheel_plugin_metadata(canonical, descriptor, error))
+            return false;
+    } else {
+        if (!read_python_plugin_metadata(canonical, descriptor, error))
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    descriptor.entry_path     = canonical.string();
+    descriptor.plugin_key     = make_local_plugin_key(canonical.stem().string());
+    descriptor.metadata_valid = true;
+    // Leaving plugin_root empty keeps the probe independent of any .install_state.json next to
+    // the package and avoids the production sidecar path.
+    descriptor.plugin_root.clear();
+    if (descriptor.name.empty())
+        descriptor.name = descriptor.plugin_key;
+    return true;
+}
+
+void redirect_python_stdout()
+{
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    py::object sys = py::module_::import("sys");
+    // Keep plugin prints from corrupting the C++ report on stdout. sys.stderr is the interpreter's
+    // tee to the temporary log, so plugin output remains available there.
+    sys.attr("stdout") = sys.attr("stderr");
+}
+
+template<class Function>
+void invoke_callback(const std::shared_ptr<PluginCapabilityInterface>& capability,
+                     const std::string& phase,
+                     const std::string& callback,
+                     PluginProbeCollector& collector,
+                     Function&& function)
+{
+    ScopedPluginAuditPhase phase_scope(phase);
+    try {
+        std::forward<Function>(function)();
+        collector.record_callback({capability ? capability->name() : std::string{}, phase, callback, "invoked", {}});
+    } catch (const std::exception& error) {
+        collector.record_callback({capability ? capability->name() : std::string{}, phase, callback, "failed", error.what()});
+    } catch (...) {
+        collector.record_callback({capability ? capability->name() : std::string{}, phase, callback, "failed", "non-standard exception"});
+    }
+}
+
+struct ProbeCapability
+{
+    std::string name;
+    std::string type;
+    bool enabled = true;
+};
+
+std::vector<ProbeCapability> describe_capabilities(const Plugin& plugin)
+{
+    std::vector<ProbeCapability> capabilities;
+    capabilities.reserve(plugin.capabilities.size());
+    for (const auto& capability : plugin.capabilities) {
+        if (!capability)
+            continue;
+        capabilities.push_back({capability->name(), plugin_capability_type_to_string(capability->type()), capability->is_enabled()});
+    }
+    return capabilities;
+}
+
+void exercise_callbacks(const Plugin& plugin, PluginProbeCollector& collector)
+{
+    // on_load() already ran inside plugin_loader::load. The callbacks below are the additional
+    // entry points a loaded capability exposes to the host. Synthetic inputs are used; a callback
+    // may behave differently with a real application state, which the report cannot capture.
+    static constexpr LifecycleEvent lifecycle_events[] = {
+        LifecycleEvent::NewProject,          LifecycleEvent::ProjectOpened,         LifecycleEvent::ProjectBeforeSave,
+        LifecycleEvent::ProjectAfterSave,    LifecycleEvent::ProjectClosed,         LifecycleEvent::ProjectDirtyChanged,
+        LifecycleEvent::SliceStarted,        LifecycleEvent::SliceGeometryFinished, LifecycleEvent::GCodeExportStarted,
+        LifecycleEvent::GCodeExportFinished, LifecycleEvent::SlicingJobComplete,    LifecycleEvent::ObjectAdded,
+        LifecycleEvent::ObjectDeleted,       LifecycleEvent::ObjectTransformed,     LifecycleEvent::ObjectChanged,
+        LifecycleEvent::ObjectRenamed,       LifecycleEvent::PlateCreated,          LifecycleEvent::PlateDeleted,
+        LifecycleEvent::PlateSelected,       LifecycleEvent::PlateRenamed,          LifecycleEvent::PresetSelected,
+        LifecycleEvent::PresetSaved,         LifecycleEvent::PrintStateChanged,     LifecycleEvent::DeviceOnline,
+        LifecycleEvent::DeviceOffline,       LifecycleEvent::DeviceDiscovered,      LifecycleEvent::DeviceSelected,
+        LifecycleEvent::UploadStarted,       LifecycleEvent::UploadFinished,        LifecycleEvent::PrintJobStarted,
+        LifecycleEvent::PrintJobFinished,    LifecycleEvent::SendJobStarted,        LifecycleEvent::SendJobFinished,
+    };
+
+    for (const auto& capability : plugin.capabilities) {
+        if (!capability)
+            continue;
+
+        invoke_callback(capability, "callback:get_default_config", "get_default_config", collector,
+                        [&capability]() { (void) capability->get_default_config(); });
+
+        if (capability->config_ui_available()) {
+            invoke_callback(capability, "callback:get_config_ui", "get_config_ui", collector,
+                            [&capability]() { (void) capability->get_config_ui(); });
+        } else {
+            collector.record_callback(
+                {capability->name(), "callback:get_config_ui", "get_config_ui", "skipped", "has_config_ui() is false"});
+        }
+
+        for (const LifecycleEvent event : lifecycle_events) {
+            const std::string event_name = lifecycle_event_to_string(event);
+            const std::string phase      = "callback:on_lifecycle_event(" + event_name + ")";
+            LifecycleEventContext context;
+            context.source = "orca-plugin-probe";
+            context.msg    = "synthetic event generated by the permission probe";
+            invoke_callback(capability, phase, "on_lifecycle_event(" + event_name + ")", collector,
+                            [&capability, event, &context]() { capability->on_lifecycle_event(event, context); });
+        }
+
+        // Cancellation is a load-time path; calling it after a successful load would misrepresent
+        // the capability's real lifecycle. Report it as skipped instead.
+        collector.record_callback(
+            {capability->name(), "callback:on_cancelled", "on_cancelled", "skipped", "not invoked after a successful load"});
+    }
+}
+
+nlohmann::json observation_json(const AuditObservation& observation)
+{
+    return {
+        {"plugin", observation.plugin_key},
+        {"capability", observation.capability},
+        {"phase", observation.phase.empty() ? "unattributed" : observation.phase},
+        {"event", observation.event_name},
+        {"category", observation.category},
+        {"targets", observation.targets},
+        {"continued", observation.continued},
+    };
+}
+
+nlohmann::json callback_json(const ProbeCallbackRecord& callback)
+{
+    return {
+        {"capability", callback.capability}, {"phase", callback.phase},   {"callback", callback.callback},
+        {"status", callback.status},         {"detail", callback.detail},
+    };
+}
+
+nlohmann::json capability_json(const ProbeCapability& capability)
+{
+    return {
+        {"name", capability.name},
+        {"type", capability.type},
+        {"enabled", capability.enabled},
+    };
+}
+
+nlohmann::json build_report(const Options& options,
+                            const PluginProbeCollector& collector,
+                            const std::vector<ProbeCapability>& capabilities,
+                            const std::string& plugin_key,
+                            bool python_initialized,
+                            const std::string& python_error,
+                            bool loaded,
+                            const std::string& load_error,
+                            const std::string& data_dir)
+{
+    nlohmann::json observations = nlohmann::json::array();
+    for (const AuditObservation& observation : collector.observations())
+        observations.push_back(observation_json(observation));
+
+    nlohmann::json callbacks = nlohmann::json::array();
+    for (const ProbeCallbackRecord& callback : collector.callbacks())
+        callbacks.push_back(callback_json(callback));
+
+    nlohmann::json capability_list = nlohmann::json::array();
+    for (const ProbeCapability& capability : capabilities)
+        capability_list.push_back(capability_json(capability));
+
+    return {
+        {"tool", "orca-plugin-permission-probe"},
+        {"mode", "record-only"},
+        {"observed_by_this_run_only", true},
+        {"plugin",
+         {
+             {"path", options.plugin_path.string()},
+             {"key", plugin_key},
+         }},
+        {"environment",
+         {
+             {"python_initialized", python_initialized},
+             {"python_error", python_error},
+             {"temporary_data_dir", data_dir},
+             {"temporary_data_dir_removed_on_exit", true},
+             {"working_directory", data_dir},
+             {"interactive_prompts", false},
+             {"grants_persisted", false},
+         }},
+        {"load", {{"ok", loaded}, {"error", load_error}, {"capabilities", capability_list}}},
+        {"callbacks", callbacks},
+        {"observations", observations},
+        {"summary", collector.summary()},
+        {"coverage",
+         {
+             {"exhaustive", false},
+             {"sandbox", false},
+             {"plugin_code_executed", true},
+             {"notes",
+              {
+                  "Only the code paths this probe exercised are represented. Audit events cover "
+                  "particular operations, not every Python call.",
+                  "The probe does not start the GUI. Host APIs that require a live application or "
+                  "UI (orca.host.app/presets/ui) and plugin.storage report an explicit unsupported "
+                  "error and are reported as failed callbacks.",
+                  "The probe links libslic3r for core geometry/print types, but not libslic3r_gui "
+                  "or wx.",
+                  "The temporary data directory isolates OrcaSlicer state, not plugin-authored file, "
+                  "network or process access. Use OS-level restrictions for untrusted packages.",
+                  "The loader may extract adjacent .whl dependencies into the package's directory; "
+                  "probe a copy of the package when that side effect is unwanted.",
+                  "Import, registration and on_load share one loader phase; the production loader "
+                  "does not expose a finer boundary without changing its behavior.",
+                  "Callbacks run with synthetic inputs, which can change plugin control flow "
+                  "compared with a real application session.",
+                  "continued=true means the audit hook did not block the operation. A surrounding "
+                  "callback or load step can still fail afterwards, as reported in callbacks/load.",
+                  "Events raised on a plugin-spawned thread carry no phase label and are reported "
+                  "as unattributed.",
+                  "Plugin code can spawn threads/processes, write anywhere this process can, or "
+                  "terminate the process. None of that is contained by the probe.",
+              }},
+         }},
+    };
+}
+
+void print_text_report(const nlohmann::json& report)
+{
+    std::cout << "OrcaSlicer plugin permission probe (record-only)\n"
+                 "WARNING: observational only; not exhaustive and not a sandbox.\n\n";
+    std::cout << "Plugin: " << report["plugin"]["path"].get<std::string>() << "\n";
+    std::cout << "Python initialized: " << (report["environment"]["python_initialized"].get<bool>() ? "yes" : "no") << "\n";
+    if (!report["environment"]["python_error"].get<std::string>().empty())
+        std::cout << "Python error: " << report["environment"]["python_error"].get<std::string>() << "\n";
+    std::cout << "Load: " << (report["load"]["ok"].get<bool>() ? "ok" : "failed") << "\n";
+    if (!report["load"]["error"].get<std::string>().empty())
+        std::cout << "Load error: " << report["load"]["error"].get<std::string>() << "\n";
+
+    std::cout << "\nCapabilities (" << report["load"]["capabilities"].size() << "):\n";
+    for (const auto& capability : report["load"]["capabilities"])
+        std::cout << "  " << capability["name"].get<std::string>() << " [" << capability["type"].get<std::string>()
+                  << "] enabled=" << (capability["enabled"].get<bool>() ? "yes" : "no") << "\n";
+
+    std::cout << "\nCallbacks (" << report["callbacks"].size() << "):\n";
+    for (const auto& callback : report["callbacks"]) {
+        std::cout << "  " << callback["status"].get<std::string>() << " " << callback["callback"].get<std::string>();
+        if (!callback["capability"].get<std::string>().empty())
+            std::cout << " capability=" << callback["capability"].get<std::string>();
+        if (!callback["detail"].get<std::string>().empty())
+            std::cout << " - " << callback["detail"].get<std::string>();
+        std::cout << "\n";
+    }
+
+    std::cout << "\nObserved audit events (" << report["observations"].size() << "):\n";
+    for (const auto& observation : report["observations"]) {
+        std::cout << "  phase=" << observation["phase"].get<std::string>() << " event=" << observation["event"].get<std::string>()
+                  << " category=" << observation["category"].get<std::string>();
+        if (!observation["capability"].get<std::string>().empty())
+            std::cout << " capability=" << observation["capability"].get<std::string>();
+        if (!observation["targets"].empty()) {
+            std::cout << " targets=";
+            bool first = true;
+            for (const auto& target : observation["targets"]) {
+                if (!first)
+                    std::cout << ",";
+                std::cout << target.get<std::string>();
+                first = false;
+            }
+        }
+        std::cout << " continued=" << (observation["continued"].get<bool>() ? "yes" : "no") << "\n";
+    }
+
+    std::cout << "\nObserved permission categories:\n";
+    for (const auto& [category, detail] : report["summary"]["categories"].items()) {
+        std::cout << "  " << category << ":";
+        for (const auto& event : detail["events"])
+            std::cout << " " << event.get<std::string>();
+        if (!detail["targets"].empty()) {
+            std::cout << " -> ";
+            bool first = true;
+            for (const auto& target : detail["targets"]) {
+                if (!first)
+                    std::cout << ", ";
+                std::cout << target.get<std::string>();
+                first = false;
+            }
+        }
+        std::cout << "\n";
+    }
+    if (report["summary"]["categories"].empty())
+        std::cout << "  (none observed)\n";
+
+    std::cout << "\nCoverage limits:\n";
+    for (const auto& note : report["coverage"]["notes"])
+        std::cout << "  - " << note.get<std::string>() << "\n";
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+    Options options;
+    std::string option_error;
+    if (!parse_options(argc, argv, options, option_error)) {
+        std::cerr << "orca-plugin-probe: " << option_error << "\n\n";
+        print_usage(std::cerr);
+        return 2;
+    }
+
+    boost::system::error_code ec;
+    const fs::path canonical_plugin = fs::weakly_canonical(options.plugin_path, ec);
+    if (!ec)
+        options.plugin_path = canonical_plugin;
+
+    ScopedProbeWorkspace workspace;
+    PluginProbeCollector collector;
+    ScopedObservationObserver observer(collector);
+
+    PluginDescriptor descriptor;
+    std::string descriptor_error;
+    const bool descriptor_ready = prepare_descriptor(options.plugin_path, descriptor, descriptor_error);
+
+    PythonInterpreter& interpreter = PythonInterpreter::instance();
+    bool python_initialized        = false;
+    std::string python_error;
+    if (descriptor_ready) {
+        python_initialized = interpreter.initialize();
+        if (!python_initialized)
+            python_error = interpreter.last_error();
+    }
+
+    if (python_initialized) {
+        try {
+            redirect_python_stdout();
+        } catch (const std::exception& error) {
+            python_error = std::string("Could not redirect Python stdout: ") + error.what();
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool loaded            = false;
+    std::string load_error = descriptor_error;
+    Plugin plugin;
+    std::vector<ProbeCapability> capabilities;
+
+    if (python_initialized && descriptor_ready) {
+        // The outer context covers import, registration and on_load in plugin_loader::load; the
+        // per-callback scopes below cover the follow-up calls. The production loader is unchanged.
+        ScopedPluginAuditContext audit_context(descriptor.plugin_key);
+        {
+            ScopedPluginAuditPhase load_phase(kLoadPhase);
+            loaded = plugin_loader::load(descriptor, /*skip_deps=*/true, /*capabilities_to_enable=*/{}, nullptr, plugin, load_error);
+            collector.record_callback({std::string{}, kLoadPhase, "plugin_loader::load", loaded ? "invoked" : "failed", load_error});
+            collector.record_callback({std::string{}, "callback:on_load", "on_load", loaded ? "invoked" : "skipped",
+                                       loaded ? "invoked by plugin_loader::load for each materialized capability" :
+                                                "plugin_loader::load failed before completing on_load"});
+        }
+
+        capabilities = describe_capabilities(plugin);
+
+        if (loaded)
+            exercise_callbacks(plugin, collector);
+
+        if (loaded) {
+            ScopedPluginAuditPhase unload_phase("callback:on_unload");
+            plugin_loader::unload(plugin);
+            collector.record_callback({std::string{}, "callback:on_unload", "on_unload", "invoked",
+                                       "invoked by plugin_loader::unload; per-capability failures are logged by the loader"});
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (interpreter.is_initialized())
+        interpreter.shutdown();
+
+    const nlohmann::json report = build_report(options, collector, capabilities,
+                                               descriptor.plugin_key.empty() ? make_local_plugin_key(options.plugin_path.stem().string()) :
+                                                                               descriptor.plugin_key,
+                                               python_initialized, python_error, loaded, load_error, workspace.root().string());
+
+    if (options.json)
+        std::cout << report.dump(2, ' ', false, nlohmann::json::error_handler_t::replace) << "\n";
+    else
+        print_text_report(report);
+
+    return loaded ? 0 : 1;
+}

src/slic3r/plugin/PluginProbeCollector.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#ifndef slic3r_PluginProbeCollector_hpp_
+#define slic3r_PluginProbeCollector_hpp_
+
+// Record-only collection for the headless plugin permission probe. This is deliberately a plain
+// in-memory store: it has no dialog, grant or persistence path, and it never decides whether an
+// audited operation may proceed. Keeping it independent of wx/Python also makes its grouping and
+// phase attribution testable without starting the interpreter.
+
+#include "PluginAuditManager.hpp"
+
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
+#include <map>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Slic3r {
+
+// What the probe attempted and what came back. `status` is one of "invoked", "failed" or
+// "skipped"; a skipped callback is reported so the absence of observations is not mistaken for a
+// clean result.
+struct ProbeCallbackRecord
+{
+    std::string capability;
+    std::string phase;
+    std::string callback;
+    std::string status;
+    std::string detail;
+};
+
+class PluginProbeCollector
+{
+public:
+    void record(const AuditObservation& observation)
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
+        m_observations.push_back(observation);
+    }
+
+    void record_callback(ProbeCallbackRecord record)
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
+        m_callbacks.push_back(std::move(record));
+    }
+
+    std::vector<AuditObservation> observations() const
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
+        return m_observations;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<ProbeCallbackRecord> callbacks() const
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
+        return m_callbacks;
+    }
+
+    // Groups the run by the permission categories the audit hook already assigned, and lists the
+    // distinct targets and event names seen in each. This is a view of this run only; it says
+    // nothing about code paths the plugin did not exercise.
+    nlohmann::json summary() const
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m_mutex);
+
+        std::map<std::string, std::set<std::string>> events;
+        std::map<std::string, std::set<std::string>> targets;
+        for (const AuditObservation& observation : m_observations) {
+            events[observation.category].insert(observation.event_name);
+            targets[observation.category].insert(observation.targets.begin(), observation.targets.end());
+        }
+
+        nlohmann::json categories = nlohmann::json::object();
+        for (const auto& [category, category_events] : events) {
+            categories[category] = {
+                {"events", category_events},
+                {"targets", targets[category]},
+            };
+        }
+
+        return {
+            {"observed_event_count", m_observations.size()},
+            {"categories", categories},
+        };
+    }
+
+private:
+    mutable std::mutex m_mutex;
+    std::vector<AuditObservation> m_observations;
+    std::vector<ProbeCallbackRecord> m_callbacks;
+};
+
+} // namespace Slic3r
+
+#endif // slic3r_PluginProbeCollector_hpp_

src/slic3r/plugin/PluginText.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// User-facing plugin messages are translated in the GUI build. The headless probe links neither
+// libslic3r_gui nor wx, so it formats the same English text without wxGetTranslation. The GUI path
+// expands to exactly the calls the plugin sources used before this header existed.
+
+#if defined(ORCA_PLUGIN_PROBE_BUILD)
+
+#include "libslic3r/format.hpp"
+
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace Slic3r::plugin_text {
+
+inline std::string translate_utf8(const char* text) { return text == nullptr ? std::string{} : std::string(text); }
+inline std::string translate_utf8(const std::string& text) { return text; }
+
+template<typename... TArgs>
+inline std::string format(const char* fmt, TArgs&&... args)
+{
+    return Slic3r::format(fmt, std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
+}
+
+template<typename... TArgs>
+inline std::string format(const std::string& fmt, TArgs&&... args)
+{
+    return Slic3r::format(fmt, std::forward<TArgs>(args)...);
+}
+
+} // namespace Slic3r::plugin_text
+
+#define PLUGIN_U8L(text) ::Slic3r::plugin_text::translate_utf8(text)
+#define PLUGIN_FORMAT(...) ::Slic3r::plugin_text::format(__VA_ARGS__)
+
+#else
+
+#include "slic3r/GUI/I18N.hpp"
+#include "slic3r/GUI/format.hpp"
+
+#define PLUGIN_U8L(text) _u8L(text)
+#define PLUGIN_FORMAT(...) GUI::format(__VA_ARGS__)
+
+#endif

src/slic3r/plugin/PyPluginTrampoline.hpp

@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ public:
     // mistake), both fall back to the base's empty object rather than writing `"cap_config": null`.
     nlohmann::json get_default_config() const override
     {
+        pybind11::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
         ORCA_PY_AUDIT_SCOPE();
         try {
-            pybind11::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
             pybind11::function override = pybind11::get_override(static_cast<const Base*>(this), "get_default_config");
             if (!override)
                 return Base::get_default_config();

src/slic3r/plugin/PythonPluginBridge.cpp

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 #include "pluginTypes/slicingPipeline/SlicingPipelinePluginCapability.hpp"
 #include <pybind11/pytypes.h>
 #include <pybind11/gil.h>
-#include "slic3r/GUI/I18N.hpp"
+#include "PluginText.hpp"
 
 namespace py = pybind11;
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ std::vector<CapturedCapability> PythonPluginBridge::finalize_plugin_capture(cons
                     granted = PluginAuditManager::instance().request_filesystem_read_permissions(plugin_key, fs_read_permissions);
                 }
                 if (!granted) {
-                    error = _u8L("Plugin filesystem read permission request denied");
+                    error = PLUGIN_U8L("Plugin filesystem read permission request denied");
                     BOOST_LOG_TRIVIAL(warning) << error << " for key " << plugin_key;
                     discard_pending_for_key();
                     clear_active_key();

src/slic3r/plugin/pluginTypes/printerAgent/PrinterAgentPluginCapabilityTrampoline.hpp

@@ -282,11 +282,11 @@ public:
     int request_bind_ticket(std::string* ticket) override
     {
         try {
-            ORCA_PY_AUDIT_SCOPE();
             ::Slic3r::PluginCapabilityInterface::RefCounter _orca_ref_counter(*this);
             ::Slic3r::PythonGILState gil;
             if (!gil)
                 throw std::runtime_error("Python interpreter is shutting down");
+            ORCA_PY_AUDIT_SCOPE();
             pybind11::function override =
                 pybind11::get_override(static_cast<const PrinterAgentPluginCapability*>(this), "request_bind_ticket");
             if (!override)

src/slic3r/plugin/probe/NanoSvgImplementation.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+// libslic3r references NanoSVG without carrying its header-only implementation. This probe links
+// libslic3r without the GUI BitmapCache.cpp that supplies the implementation in the application.
+#define NANOSVG_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include "nanosvg/nanosvg.h"

src/slic3r/plugin/probe/PluginAuditManagerHeadless.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Headless replacement for the GUI permission front end. The probe installs an observation
+// observer, so the audit hook records and returns before reaching this seam. If that observer is
+// ever absent, permission decisions fail closed instead of consulting GUI or install state.
+
+#include "slic3r/plugin/PluginAuditManagerInternal.hpp"
+
+#include <boost/log/trivial.hpp>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace Slic3r::plugin_audit {
+
+bool request_filesystem_read_permissions(const std::string&              plugin_key,
+                                         const std::vector<std::string>& paths)
+{
+    BOOST_LOG_TRIVIAL(warning) << "[PROBE] Refusing filesystem read permission request for " << plugin_key
+                               << " (" << paths.size() << " path(s)): the headless probe does not evaluate grants";
+    return false;
+}
+
+int decide_event(PluginAuditManager&             mgr,
+                 const std::string&              event_name,
+                 AuditEventCategory              category,
+                 const std::vector<std::string>& targets)
+{
+    (void) category;
+    (void) targets;
+    return report_denied(mgr, event_name, {false, "permission decisions are unavailable in the headless probe"});
+}
+
+} // namespace Slic3r::plugin_audit

src/slic3r/plugin/probe/PluginHostProbe.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Probe-only `orca.host` registration. The GUI-free domains use the production bindings; the
+// domains that need a live GUI application, main window or preset bundle are exposed as explicit
+// unsupported submodules instead of being compiled (and linked) into the probe.
+//
+// A plugin that touches one of those domains fails its own callback with a clear message; the
+// failure is recorded by the probe's callback report rather than becoming a link dependency.
+
+#include "slic3r/plugin/host/PluginHost.hpp"
+#include "slic3r/plugin/host/PluginHostBindings.hpp"
+
+#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+#include <pybind11/pytypes.h>
+
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace py = pybind11;
+
+namespace Slic3r {
+namespace {
+
+void add_unavailable_domain(py::module_& host, const char* name, const char* description)
+{
+    py::module_ domain = host.def_submodule(name, description);
+    const std::string prefix = std::string("orca.host.") + name + ".";
+    domain.attr("__getattr__") = py::cpp_function([prefix](const std::string& attribute) -> py::object {
+        throw std::runtime_error(prefix + attribute +
+                                 " is not available in the headless plugin permission probe because it needs the GUI application");
+    });
+}
+
+void add_unavailable_function(py::module_& host, const char* name)
+{
+    // Production registers these in PluginHostApp::register_app(). Do not overwrite a slot that
+    // another registrar already claimed (the model domain binds the Model class through
+    // register_model); the probe only fills the GUI-backed accessors that are absent here.
+    if (py::hasattr(host, name))
+        return;
+
+    const std::string detail = std::string("orca.host.") + name +
+                               " is not available in the headless plugin permission probe because it needs the GUI application";
+    host.def(name, [detail](py::args, py::kwargs) -> py::object { throw std::runtime_error(detail); }, detail.c_str());
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+void PluginHost::RegisterBindings(py::module_& module)
+{
+    auto host = module.def_submodule("host", "Host application API");
+
+    // Value types first so the docstring signatures of later registrars resolve to the bound names.
+    host_bindings::register_geometry(host);
+    host_bindings::register_mesh(host);
+    host_bindings::register_model(host);
+    host_bindings::register_slicing(host);
+
+    // These domains are backed by the live GUI, its Plater/MainFrame and the preset bundle.
+    add_unavailable_domain(host, "presets", "Preset bundle access (headless probe: unavailable)");
+    add_unavailable_domain(host, "app", "Live application and Plater access (headless probe: unavailable)");
+    add_unavailable_domain(host, "ui", "Native dialogs and HTML windows (headless probe: unavailable)");
+    for (const char* name : {"plater", "model", "preset_bundle", "app_info", "gl_info", "selected_printer"})
+        add_unavailable_function(host, name);
+
+    // Storage needs the PluginManager registry, which is not part of the headless probe.
+    auto plugin_host = host.def_submodule("plugin", "Plugin host API (headless probe: storage unavailable)");
+    plugin_host.def("storage", []() -> std::string {
+        throw std::runtime_error("orca.host.plugin.storage() is not available in the headless plugin permission probe");
+    }, "Return the installed folder of the current plugin.");
+    plugin_host.attr("__getattr__") = py::cpp_function([](const std::string& attribute) -> py::object {
+        throw std::runtime_error("orca.host.plugin." + attribute +
+                                 " is not available in the headless plugin permission probe");
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace Slic3r

src/slic3r/plugin/probe/PluginProbeConfig.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Minimal replacement for the config API PythonPluginBridge binds into `orca`.
+//
+// The production implementation (PluginConfig.cpp) resolves presets, reads the sidebar's effective
+// config and writes config.json through PluginManager, all of which pull in the GUI and the
+// registry. The probe has neither: a capability reports an empty config, an empty version and a
+// refused save. That keeps the bridge's Python surface intact without pretending to reproduce
+// application state the probe does not have.
+
+#include "slic3r/plugin/PluginConfig.hpp"
+#include "slic3r/plugin/PythonPluginInterface.hpp"
+
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace Slic3r {
+
+nlohmann::json capability_get_config(const PluginCapabilityInterface&)
+{
+    return nlohmann::json::object();
+}
+
+std::string capability_get_config_version(const PluginCapabilityInterface&) { return {}; }
+
+bool capability_save_config(const PluginCapabilityInterface&, const nlohmann::json&) { return false; }
+
+std::string PluginConfig::capability_type_label(PluginCapabilityType type)
+{
+    return plugin_capability_type_display_name(type);
+}
+
+} // namespace Slic3r

tests/libslic3r/test_config.cpp

@@ -1263,6 +1263,55 @@ TEST_CASE("read_cli rejects an invalid scalar numeric value", "[Config]") {
     REQUIRE_FALSE(config.read_cli(3, argv, &extra, &keys));
 }
 
+TEST_CASE("A scalar option keeps its value when deserializing fails", "[Config]") {
+    using Catch::Matchers::WithinAbs;
+
+    SECTION("float") {
+        ConfigOptionFloat opt(7.5);
+        REQUIRE_FALSE(opt.deserialize("abc"));
+        CHECK_THAT(opt.value, WithinAbs(7.5, 1e-9));
+    }
+    SECTION("int") {
+        ConfigOptionInt opt(3);
+        REQUIRE_FALSE(opt.deserialize("abc"));
+        CHECK(opt.value == 3);
+    }
+    SECTION("percent") {
+        ConfigOptionPercent opt(40.);
+        REQUIRE_FALSE(opt.deserialize("abc%"));
+        CHECK_THAT(opt.value, WithinAbs(40., 1e-9));
+    }
+    SECTION("float or percent") {
+        ConfigOptionFloatOrPercent opt(0.4, false);
+        REQUIRE_FALSE(opt.deserialize("abc%"));
+        CHECK_THAT(opt.value, WithinAbs(0.4, 1e-9));
+        CHECK_FALSE(opt.percent);
+    }
+    SECTION("point") {
+        ConfigOptionPoint opt(Vec2d(1., 2.));
+        REQUIRE_FALSE(opt.deserialize("5,abc"));
+        CHECK(opt.value == Vec2d(1., 2.));
+    }
+    SECTION("point3") {
+        ConfigOptionPoint3 opt(Vec3d(1., 2., 3.));
+        REQUIRE_FALSE(opt.deserialize("5,6,abc"));
+        CHECK(opt.value == Vec3d(1., 2., 3.));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("A scalar option still takes a valid value", "[Config]") {
+    using Catch::Matchers::WithinAbs;
+
+    ConfigOptionFloatOrPercent opt(0.4, false);
+    REQUIRE(opt.deserialize("50%"));
+    CHECK_THAT(opt.value, WithinAbs(50., 1e-9));
+    CHECK(opt.percent);
+
+    ConfigOptionPoint point;
+    REQUIRE(point.deserialize("3x4"));
+    CHECK(point.value == Vec2d(3., 4.));
+}
+
 TEST_CASE("read_cli appends values when a vector option is repeated", "[Config]") {
     Slic3r::DynamicPrintConfig config;
     t_config_option_keys extra, keys;
@@ -1678,3 +1727,75 @@ TEST_CASE("Default options of enum lists get their definition's keys map", "[Con
     }
     CHECK(enum_lists > 0);
 }
+
+TEST_CASE("A disabled filament override survives the merge with a parent that sets it", "[Config][Variant]")
+{
+    std::set<std::string>      no_keys;
+    Slic3r::DynamicPrintConfig parent;
+    parent.set_deserialize_strict("filament_retract_before_wipe", "100%");
+    parent.set_deserialize_strict("filament_ironing_flow", "15%");
+    Slic3r::DynamicPrintConfig child;
+    child.set_deserialize_strict("filament_retract_before_wipe", "nil");
+    child.set_deserialize_strict("filament_ironing_flow", "nil");
+    parent.update_diff_values_to_child_config(child, "", "filament_extruder_variant",
+                                              Slic3r::filament_options_with_variant, no_keys);
+    CHECK(parent.opt_serialize("filament_retract_before_wipe") == "nil");
+    CHECK(parent.opt_serialize("filament_ironing_flow") == "nil");
+}
+
+SCENARIO("A two-variant child's disabled override column is matched to the parent's variant by name", "[Config][Variant]")
+{
+    std::set<std::string> no_keys;
+    GIVEN("A two-variant filament parent") {
+        Slic3r::DynamicPrintConfig parent;
+        parent.set_deserialize_strict("filament_extruder_variant", "Direct Drive Standard;Direct Drive High Flow");
+        parent.set_deserialize_strict("filament_retract_before_wipe", "100%,100%");
+        parent.set_deserialize_strict("filament_flow_ratio", "1,1");
+        WHEN("the child disables the override on one variant and leaves a plain option nil on it") {
+            Slic3r::DynamicPrintConfig child;
+            child.set_deserialize_strict("filament_extruder_variant", "Direct Drive Standard;Direct Drive High Flow");
+            child.set_deserialize_strict("filament_retract_before_wipe", "nil,100%");
+            child.set_deserialize_strict("filament_flow_ratio", "nil,1.1");
+            parent.update_diff_values_to_child_config(child, "", "filament_extruder_variant",
+                                                      Slic3r::filament_options_with_variant, no_keys);
+            THEN("the override column is disabled while the plain option's nil column inherits") {
+                CHECK(parent.opt_serialize("filament_retract_before_wipe") == "nil,100%");
+                CHECK(parent.opt_serialize("filament_flow_ratio") == "1,1.1");
+            }
+        }
+        WHEN("the child lists the same variants in the other order") {
+            Slic3r::DynamicPrintConfig child;
+            child.set_deserialize_strict("filament_extruder_variant", "Direct Drive High Flow;Direct Drive Standard");
+            child.set_deserialize_strict("filament_retract_before_wipe", "70%,nil");
+            child.set_deserialize_strict("filament_flow_ratio", "1.1,nil");
+            parent.update_diff_values_to_child_config(child, "", "filament_extruder_variant",
+                                                      Slic3r::filament_options_with_variant, no_keys);
+            THEN("columns are matched by variant name, the disabled one included") {
+                CHECK(parent.opt_serialize("filament_retract_before_wipe") == "nil,70%");
+                CHECK(parent.opt_serialize("filament_flow_ratio") == "1,1.1");
+            }
+        }
+        WHEN("the child was saved with a single variant") {
+            Slic3r::DynamicPrintConfig child;
+            child.set_deserialize_strict("filament_extruder_variant", "Direct Drive Standard");
+            child.set_deserialize_strict("filament_retract_before_wipe", "nil");
+            parent.update_diff_values_to_child_config(child, "", "filament_extruder_variant",
+                                                      Slic3r::filament_options_with_variant, no_keys);
+            THEN("its one value applies to every variant of that extruder, as slicing does") {
+                CHECK(parent.opt_serialize("filament_retract_before_wipe") == "nil,nil");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("Every listed filament override is nullable", "[Config]")
+{
+    std::set<std::string> overrides(Slic3r::filament_extruder_override_keys.begin(), Slic3r::filament_extruder_override_keys.end());
+    overrides.insert({ "filament_retract_length_nc", "filament_ironing_flow", "filament_ironing_spacing", "filament_ironing_inset", "filament_ironing_speed" });
+    for (const auto &[key, def] : Slic3r::print_config_def.options) {
+        INFO(key);
+        CHECK(Slic3r::is_filament_extruder_override_key(key) == (overrides.count(key) == 1));
+        if (overrides.count(key) == 1)
+            CHECK(def.nullable);
+    }
+}

tests/libslic3r/test_preset_bundle_loading.cpp

@@ -8417,3 +8417,58 @@ TEST_CASE("An empty choice list in a G-code's settings keeps the value it had be
     CHECK(config.opt_serialize("nozzle_volume_type") == "High Flow");
     CHECK(config.option<ConfigOptionStrings>("filament_multi_colour")->values.empty());
 }
+
+TEST_CASE("A disabled filament override is saved and reloaded column by column", "[Preset][Bundle]")
+{
+    ScopedPresetDataDir data_dir;
+    PresetBundle        bundle;
+
+    Preset &parent = add_inmemory_preset(bundle.filaments, "Parent PLA @System");
+    parent.config.option<ConfigOptionStrings>("filament_extruder_variant", true)->values = { "Direct Drive Standard", "Direct Drive High Flow" };
+    parent.config.option<ConfigOptionPercentsNullable>("filament_retract_before_wipe", true)->values = { 100., 100. };
+    parent.config.option<ConfigOptionFloatsNullable>("filament_flow_ratio", true)->values = { 1., 1. };
+
+    // The child turns the override off on the first variant and changes a plain option on the second.
+    const fs::path file = data_dir.tmp.path() / PRESET_FILAMENT_NAME / "Child PLA.json";
+    Preset         child(Preset::TYPE_FILAMENT, "Child PLA");
+    child.file    = file.string();
+    child.version = *Semver::parse("1.0.0");
+    child.config  = parent.config;
+    child.config.option<ConfigOptionString>(BBL_JSON_KEY_INHERITS, true)->value = parent.name;
+    child.config.option<ConfigOptionPercentsNullable>("filament_retract_before_wipe")->set_at_to_nil(0);
+    child.config.option<ConfigOptionFloatsNullable>("filament_flow_ratio")->values = { 1., 1.1 };
+    REQUIRE(child.save(&parent.config));
+
+    // On disk the override keeps every column, so its nil can only mean "off"; a plain
+    // option still stores nil for the columns that match the parent.
+    DynamicPrintConfig                 saved;
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> key_values;
+    std::string                        reason;
+    saved.load_from_json(file.string(), ForwardCompatibilitySubstitutionRule::EnableSilent, key_values, reason);
+    REQUIRE(reason.empty());
+    CHECK(saved.opt_serialize("filament_retract_before_wipe") == "nil,100%");
+    CHECK(saved.opt_serialize("filament_flow_ratio") == "nil,1.1");
+
+    PresetsConfigSubstitutions substitutions;
+    bundle.filaments.load_presets(data_dir.tmp.path().string(), PRESET_FILAMENT_NAME, substitutions,
+                                  ForwardCompatibilitySubstitutionRule::EnableSilent);
+    const Preset *loaded = bundle.filaments.find_preset("Child PLA");
+    REQUIRE(loaded != nullptr);
+    CHECK(loaded->config.opt_serialize("filament_retract_before_wipe") == "nil,100%");
+    CHECK(loaded->config.opt_serialize("filament_flow_ratio") == "1,1.1");
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("The cloud diff force-emits a disabled override only where the cloud would fill a value in", "[Preset][Bundle]")
+{
+    PresetBundle bundle;
+    add_inmemory_preset(bundle.filaments, "Parent PLA @System");
+    Preset &child = add_inmemory_preset(bundle.filaments, "Child PLA", "Parent PLA @System");
+    // Every override is nil in both parent and child, so none is in the plain diff.
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> key_values;
+    REQUIRE(bundle.filaments.get_differed_values_to_update(child, key_values) >= 0);
+    // Retract Before Wipe defaults to 100%: an absent key would come back as 100%, so nil is sent.
+    CHECK(key_values.count("filament_retract_before_wipe") == 1);
+    CHECK(key_values["filament_retract_before_wipe"] == "nil");
+    // An ironing override defaults to nil: an absent key stays nil, so it is not sent.
+    CHECK(key_values.count("filament_ironing_flow") == 0);
+}

tests/slic3rutils/test_plugin_audit.cpp

@@ -1,22 +1,51 @@
 #include <boost/filesystem/path.hpp>
 #include <boost/filesystem/operations.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
 #include <catch2/catch_all.hpp>
 
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <libslic3r/Utils.hpp>
 #include <libslic3r/libslic3r.h>         // GCODEVIEWER_APP_KEY, SLIC3R_APP_KEY (via libslic3r_version.h)
 #include <slic3r/plugin/PluginAuditManager.hpp>
+#include <slic3r/plugin/PluginFsUtils.hpp>
+#include <slic3r/plugin/PluginManager.hpp>
+#include <slic3r/plugin/PluginProbeCollector.hpp>
+#include <slic3r/plugin/PythonInterpreter.hpp>
+#include <slic3r/plugin/PythonPluginBridge.hpp>
+#include <slic3r/plugin/PythonPluginInterface.hpp>
+#include <slic3r/Utils/IPrinterAgent.hpp>
 #include <slic3r/Utils/OrcaCloudServiceAgent.hpp> // secret_constants::USER_SECRET_FILENAME
 
+#include <catch2/catch_message.hpp>
 #include <catch2/catch_test_macros.hpp>
+#include <catch2/matchers/catch_matchers.hpp>
+#include <catch2/matchers/catch_matchers_string.hpp>
 #include "libslic3r_version.h"
 #include "plugin_test_utils.hpp"
+#include "test_utils.hpp"
 
 #include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
+#include <pybind11/cast.h>
+#include <pybind11/embed.h>
+#include <pybind11/eval.h>
+#include <pybind11/gil.h>
+#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
+#include <pybind11/pytypes.h>
+#include <pybind11/stl.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <functional>
+#include <ios>
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 using namespace Slic3r;
 namespace fs = boost::filesystem;
+namespace py = pybind11;
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -41,9 +70,29 @@ void seed_denied_keywords()
         mgr.add_denied_path_keyword(keyword);
 }
 
+// Installs the record-only observer for a test and always clears it, so a failed CHECK cannot
+// leave a callback pointing at a destroyed collector for the next test in this process.
+struct ScopedTestObservationObserver
+{
+    explicit ScopedTestObservationObserver(PluginProbeCollector& collector)
+        : m_collector(collector)
+    {
+        PluginAuditManager::instance().set_observation_observer(
+            [this](const AuditObservation& observation) { m_collector.record(observation); });
+    }
+
+    ~ScopedTestObservationObserver() { PluginAuditManager::instance().clear_observation_observer(); }
+
+    ScopedTestObservationObserver(const ScopedTestObservationObserver&)            = delete;
+    ScopedTestObservationObserver& operator=(const ScopedTestObservationObserver&) = delete;
+
+private:
+    PluginProbeCollector& m_collector;
+};
+
 } // namespace
 
-TEST_CASE("Plugin audit denies app config and token filenames anywhere", "[audit]")
+TEST_CASE("Plugin audit denies host-managed filenames anywhere", "[audit]")
 {
     seed_denied_names();
     const PluginAuditManager& mgr = PluginAuditManager::instance();
@@ -55,6 +104,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Plugin audit denies app config and token filenames anywhere", "[audit
         CHECK(mgr.is_denied_filename(fs::path(SLIC3R_APP_KEY ".ini")));
         CHECK(mgr.is_denied_filename(fs::path(GCODEVIEWER_APP_KEY ".ini")));
         CHECK(mgr.is_denied_filename(fs::path(secret_constants::USER_SECRET_FILENAME)));
+        CHECK(mgr.is_denied_filename(fs::path(".install_state.json")));
     }
 
     SECTION("companions holding the same secrets are denied by the prefix rule")
@@ -110,6 +160,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Plugin audit deny beats allowed roots", "[audit]")
 
     const fs::path conf  = fs::path(data_dir()) / (SLIC3R_APP_KEY ".conf");
     const fs::path token = fs::path(data_dir()) / secret_constants::USER_SECRET_FILENAME;
+    const fs::path install_state = fs::path(data_dir()) / "plugins" / "example" / ".install_state.json";
 
     SECTION("a non-denied file inside the allowed root is writable (root really grants writes)")
     {
@@ -150,6 +201,17 @@ TEST_CASE("Plugin audit deny beats allowed roots", "[audit]")
         CHECK_FALSE(decision.allowed);
     }
 
+    SECTION("plugin install state is blocked for reads and writes despite the allowed root")
+    {
+        AuditDecision read_decision = mgr.check_open(install_state.string(), "r");
+        CHECK_FALSE(read_decision.allowed);
+        CHECK(read_decision.reason == "denied filename");
+
+        AuditDecision write_decision = mgr.check_open(install_state.string(), "w");
+        CHECK_FALSE(write_decision.allowed);
+        CHECK(write_decision.reason == "denied filename");
+    }
+
     SECTION("a traversal path resolving to the config is blocked")
     {
         const fs::path traversal = fs::path(data_dir()) / "plugins" / ".." / (SLIC3R_APP_KEY ".conf");
@@ -349,3 +411,812 @@ TEST_CASE("Plugin audit a scoped root can also be registered read-only", "[audit
         CHECK_FALSE(mgr.check_open((readonly_dir / "vendor.json").string(), "w").allowed);
     }
 }
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// The audit hook, run in the embedded interpreter
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Each TEST_CASE runs in its own process (catch_discover_tests), so each brings the plugin system
+// up with the audit hook installed, once, and shuts it down at the end. The tests loop over their
+// cases instead of using SECTIONs, which would restart the interpreter for every section.
+
+namespace {
+
+// Discovered, never loaded: the hook only needs the plugin's root and its sidecar.
+const char* const AUDIT_PLUGIN_SOURCE = R"PY(# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.12"
+#
+# [tool.orcaslicer.plugin]
+# name = "Audit Plugin"
+# description = "Plugin audit hook fixture"
+# author = "OrcaSlicer"
+# version = "1.0"
+# type = "script"
+# ///
+)PY";
+
+// A third-party library, installed outside the stdlib and outside the plugin.
+const char* const LIBRARY_SOURCE = R"PY(
+import socket
+import urllib.request
+
+def read_all(paths):
+    for path in paths:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            f.read()
+
+def connect_from_host(port):
+    socket.gethostname()
+    socket.create_connection(("127.0.0.1", port)).close()
+
+def fetch(url):
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response:
+        return response.read()
+
+def fetch_each(urls):
+    for url in urls:
+        yield fetch(url)
+
+class ReadingHandler(urllib.request.BaseHandler):
+    """Reads a file while each response is processed."""
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        self.path = path
+        self.outcome = None
+
+    def http_response(self, request, response):
+        try:
+            open(self.path).close()
+            self.outcome = "ok"
+        except PermissionError:
+            self.outcome = "denied"
+        return response
+)PY";
+
+// Test-side Python, run outside any plugin context: files outside every allowed root, a local
+// HTTP server, the library, and every module the tests use imported up front, so that no import
+// happens inside a plugin context. Code from exec() runs as "<string>", which is not stdlib, so
+// attempt() and fetch() stand in for plugin code.
+const char* const AUDIT_SETUP = R"PY(
+import http.client, http.server, os, pathlib, shutil, socket, subprocess, sys, tempfile, threading
+import urllib.request, zipfile
+if os.name != "nt":
+    import pty
+
+APPROVED = os.path.join(OUTSIDE, "approved.txt")
+PRIVATE = os.path.join(OUTSIDE, "private.txt")
+MISSING = os.path.join(OUTSIDE, "missing")
+TREE = os.path.join(OUTSIDE, "tree")
+TRUE_COMMAND = ["cmd", "/c", "exit 0"] if os.name == "nt" else ["true"]
+for path in (APPROVED, PRIVATE):
+    with open(path, "w") as f:
+        f.write("x")
+for sub in ("one", "two"):
+    os.makedirs(os.path.join(TREE, sub))
+    with open(os.path.join(TREE, sub, "f.txt"), "w") as f:
+        f.write("x")
+
+LIBRARY = os.path.join(OUTSIDE, "library")
+os.makedirs(LIBRARY)
+with open(os.path.join(LIBRARY, "netlib.py"), "w") as f:
+    f.write(LIBRARY_SOURCE)
+sys.path.insert(0, LIBRARY)
+import netlib
+
+class Handler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+    def do_GET(self):
+        if self.path == "/redirect":
+            self.send_response(302)
+            self.send_header("Location", URL_B)
+            body = b""
+        else:
+            self.send_response(200)
+            body = b"ok"
+        self.send_header("Content-Length", str(len(body)))
+        self.end_headers()
+        self.wfile.write(body)
+
+    def log_message(self, *args):
+        pass
+
+server = http.server.ThreadingHTTPServer(("127.0.0.1", 0), Handler)
+threading.Thread(target=server.serve_forever, daemon=True).start()
+PORT = server.server_address[1]
+BASE = "http://127.0.0.1:%d" % PORT
+URL_A, URL_B, URL_REDIRECT = BASE + "/a", BASE + "/b", BASE + "/redirect"
+urllib.request.install_opener(urllib.request.build_opener(urllib.request.ProxyHandler({})))
+
+def fetch(url):
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response:
+        return response.read()
+
+fetch(URL_A)  # urllib imports some modules on its first request
+
+def attempt(action):
+    try:
+        action()
+        return "ok"
+    except PermissionError:
+        return "denied"
+
+def spawn_checked(argv):
+    parent = os.getpid()
+    try:
+        return pty.spawn(argv)
+    finally:
+        if os.getpid() != parent:
+            os._exit(1)  # a child whose exec was refused must not go on running the tests
+
+finalizer_outcomes = []
+
+class TrackedRequest(urllib.request.Request):
+    def __del__(self):
+        finalizer_outcomes.append(attempt(lambda: open(PRIVATE).close()))
+)PY";
+
+struct Prompt
+{
+    std::string              plugin;
+    std::string              event;
+    std::vector<std::string> targets;
+};
+
+// One line per prompt, "event: target ...", so a failed check shows every prompt.
+std::string describe(const std::vector<Prompt>& prompts)
+{
+    std::string text;
+    for (const Prompt& prompt : prompts) {
+        text += prompt.event + ":";
+        for (const std::string& target : prompt.targets)
+            text += " " + target;
+        text += "\n";
+    }
+    return text;
+}
+
+// The plugin system with the audit hook installed, and the permission dialog replaced by a
+// recorder that answers with `approve`. Declare it first in a test, so it is destroyed last.
+struct AuditHarness
+{
+    // Before initialize(): the interpreter creates {data_dir}/python/packages and {data_dir}/log.
+    // data_dir() is a global allowed root from then on, so the test files live in `outside`.
+    ScopedDataDir                      data{"plugin-audit-hook"};
+    bool                               initialized = PluginManager::instance().initialize();
+    ScopedTemporaryDir                 outside{"orca-plugin-audit-outside"};
+    std::vector<Prompt>                prompts;
+    std::function<bool(const Prompt&)> approve = [](const Prompt&) { return false; };
+
+    AuditHarness()
+    {
+        PluginAuditManager::set_permission_prompt_for_testing(
+            [this](const std::string& event, const std::vector<std::string>& targets) {
+                prompts.push_back({PluginAuditManager::instance().current_plugin(), event, targets});
+                return approve(prompts.back());
+            });
+    }
+
+    ~AuditHarness()
+    {
+        PluginAuditManager::set_permission_prompt_for_testing(nullptr);
+        PluginManager::instance().shutdown();
+        PythonInterpreter::instance().shutdown();
+    }
+
+    // Call before taking the GIL: discovery is not Python work.
+    void add_plugin(const std::string& key)
+    {
+        const fs::path root = data.plugins_dir() / key;
+        fs::create_directories(root);
+        std::ofstream((root / (key + ".py")).string(), std::ios::binary) << AUDIT_PLUGIN_SOURCE;
+        save_permissions(key, {});
+        PluginManager::instance().discover_plugins(/*async=*/false, /*clear=*/true);
+    }
+
+    // Grants as if saved in an earlier session.
+    void save_permissions(const std::string& key, const PluginPermissions& permissions)
+    {
+        PluginInstallState state;
+        state.installed_from    = "local";
+        state.installed_version = "1.0";
+        state.plugin_name       = key;
+        state.permissions       = permissions;
+        REQUIRE(write_install_state(data.plugins_dir() / key, state));
+    }
+
+    PluginPermissions saved_permissions(const std::string& key) const
+    {
+        PluginInstallState state;
+        read_install_state(data.plugins_dir() / key, state);
+        return state.permissions;
+    }
+};
+
+// The test-side Python globals. Construct and destroy it with the GIL held; it stops the HTTP
+// server before the interpreter shuts down.
+struct PythonSide
+{
+    py::dict globals;
+
+    explicit PythonSide(const AuditHarness& harness)
+    {
+        globals["OUTSIDE"]        = harness.outside.path().string();
+        globals["LIBRARY_SOURCE"] = LIBRARY_SOURCE;
+        exec(AUDIT_SETUP);
+    }
+
+    // A Python error fails the test here, as text: an error_already_set left to propagate would
+    // outlive the interpreter the harness shuts down.
+    void exec(const char* code)
+    {
+        std::string error;
+        try {
+            py::exec(code, globals);
+        } catch (py::error_already_set& raised) {
+            error = raised.what();
+        }
+        if (!error.empty())
+            FAIL(error);
+    }
+
+    ~PythonSide()
+    {
+        try {
+            globals["server"].attr("shutdown")();
+            globals["server"].attr("server_close")();
+        } catch (...) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::string              str(const char* name) const { return py::str(globals[name]).cast<std::string>(); }
+    std::string              eval(const char* expression) const { return py::str(py::eval(expression, globals)).cast<std::string>(); }
+    std::vector<std::string> strings(const char* name) const { return globals[name].cast<std::vector<std::string>>(); }
+
+    // Runs `code` as `plugin_key`, as a trampoline call does: inside the caller's GIL, in an
+    // audit scope of its own.
+    void run_as(const std::string& plugin_key, const char* code)
+    {
+        ScopedPluginAuditContext audit(plugin_key);
+        exec(code);
+    }
+};
+
+PluginPermissions http_grants(std::vector<std::string> urls)
+{
+    PluginPermissions permissions;
+    permissions.network_http = std::move(urls);
+    return permissions;
+}
+
+const char* const PLUGIN = "AuditPlugin";
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST_CASE("Probe phase scope restores the previous phase", "[audit]")
+{
+    PluginAuditManager& mgr = PluginAuditManager::instance();
+    mgr.set_current_audit_phase("outer");
+    {
+        ScopedPluginAuditPhase inner("inner");
+        CHECK(mgr.current_audit_phase() == "inner");
+    }
+    CHECK(mgr.current_audit_phase() == "outer");
+    mgr.clear_current_audit_phase();
+    CHECK(mgr.current_audit_phase().empty());
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("Record-only probe observations bypass prompts and retain phase attribution", "[audit][Python]")
+{
+    AuditHarness harness;
+    if (!harness.initialized)
+        SKIP("Bundled Python interpreter unavailable: " + PythonInterpreter::instance().last_error());
+    harness.add_plugin(PLUGIN);
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    PythonSide              python(harness);
+
+    PluginProbeCollector          collector;
+    ScopedTestObservationObserver observer(collector);
+
+    // A declared read permission is recorded and allowed, but must not be written to the sidecar.
+    {
+        ScopedPluginAuditContext context(PLUGIN);
+        CHECK(PluginAuditManager::instance().request_filesystem_read_permissions(PLUGIN, {"/tmp/probe-declared"}));
+    }
+
+    {
+        ScopedPluginAuditPhase phase("probe:callback");
+        python.run_as(PLUGIN, "outcome = attempt(lambda: open(PRIVATE).close())");
+    }
+
+    CHECK(python.str("outcome") == "ok");
+    CHECK(harness.prompts.empty());
+    CHECK(harness.saved_permissions(PLUGIN).fs_read.empty());
+
+    const std::vector<AuditObservation> observations = collector.observations();
+    const auto                          open_event   = std::find_if(
+        observations.begin(), observations.end(), [](const AuditObservation& observation) {
+            return observation.event_name == "open";
+        });
+    REQUIRE(open_event != observations.end());
+    CHECK(open_event->plugin_key == PLUGIN);
+    CHECK(open_event->phase == "probe:callback");
+    CHECK(open_event->category == "FsRead");
+    CHECK(open_event->continued);
+    CHECK(std::find(open_event->targets.begin(), open_event->targets.end(), python.str("PRIVATE")) !=
+          open_event->targets.end());
+
+    const auto declared = std::find_if(observations.begin(), observations.end(), [](const AuditObservation& observation) {
+        return observation.event_name == "orca.request_permissions";
+    });
+    REQUIRE(declared != observations.end());
+    CHECK(declared->category == "FsRead");
+    CHECK(std::find(declared->targets.begin(), declared->targets.end(), "/tmp/probe-declared") != declared->targets.end());
+
+    const nlohmann::json summary = collector.summary();
+    CHECK(summary["categories"].contains("FsRead"));
+    CHECK(summary["observed_event_count"].get<std::size_t>() == observations.size());
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("A saved request grant covers the request's own connection in a later session", "[audit][Python]")
+{
+    AuditHarness harness;
+    if (!harness.initialized)
+        SKIP("Bundled Python interpreter unavailable: " + PythonInterpreter::instance().last_error());
+    harness.add_plugin(PLUGIN);
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    PythonSide python(harness);
+    harness.save_permissions(PLUGIN, http_grants({python.str("URL_A")}));
+
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, "outcome = attempt(lambda: fetch(URL_A))");
+
+    CHECK(python.str("outcome") == "ok");
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts).empty());
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("A saved request grant does not cover another URL or a redirect", "[audit][Python]")
+{
+    AuditHarness harness;
+    if (!harness.initialized)
+        SKIP("Bundled Python interpreter unavailable: " + PythonInterpreter::instance().last_error());
+    harness.add_plugin(PLUGIN);
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    PythonSide python(harness);
+    harness.save_permissions(PLUGIN, http_grants({python.str("URL_A"), python.str("URL_REDIRECT")}));
+
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, R"PY(
+outcomes = [attempt(lambda: fetch(url)) for url in (URL_A, URL_B, URL_REDIRECT)]
+outcomes += [attempt(lambda: netlib.fetch(url)) for url in (URL_A, URL_B)]
+outcomes.append(attempt(lambda: list(netlib.fetch_each([URL_A, URL_B]))))
+)PY");
+
+    // The redirect target is asked for inside the approved redirecting request, and a library's
+    // wrapper or generator asks for the second URL as plain code does.
+    CHECK(python.strings("outcomes") == std::vector<std::string>{"ok", "denied", "denied", "ok", "denied", "denied"});
+    const std::string url_b = "urllib.Request: " + python.str("URL_B") + "\n";
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts) == url_b + url_b + url_b + url_b);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("Code an approved operation calls back into is judged on its own", "[audit][Python]")
+{
+    AuditHarness harness;
+    if (!harness.initialized)
+        SKIP("Bundled Python interpreter unavailable: " + PythonInterpreter::instance().last_error());
+    harness.add_plugin(PLUGIN);
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    PythonSide python(harness);
+    python.exec(R"PY(
+CALLBACK_COPY = os.path.join(OUTSIDE, "callback-copy")
+handler = netlib.ReadingHandler(PRIVATE)
+handler_opener = urllib.request.build_opener(urllib.request.ProxyHandler({}), handler)
+walk_outcomes = []
+copy_outcomes = []
+
+def on_walk_error(error):
+    walk_outcomes.append(attempt(lambda: open(PRIVATE).close()))
+
+def copy_file(source, destination):
+    copy_outcomes.append(attempt(lambda: open(PRIVATE).close()))
+)PY");
+    PluginPermissions permissions = http_grants({python.str("URL_A")});
+    permissions.fs_read           = {python.str("APPROVED"), python.str("MISSING")};
+    permissions.fs_readwrite      = {python.str("TREE"), python.str("CALLBACK_COPY")};
+    harness.save_permissions(PLUGIN, permissions);
+
+    // A library handler that urllib calls while the approved request runs, the plugin's own
+    // os.walk error callback and copytree copy function (called once per file), and a library
+    // loop over a saved file and an unsaved one.
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, R"PY(
+request_outcome = attempt(lambda: handler_opener.open(URL_A).read())
+for _ in os.walk(MISSING, onerror=on_walk_error):
+    pass
+shutil.copytree(TREE, CALLBACK_COPY, copy_function=copy_file)
+loop_outcome = attempt(lambda: netlib.read_all([APPROVED, PRIVATE]))
+)PY");
+
+    CHECK(python.str("request_outcome") == "ok");
+    CHECK(python.eval("handler.outcome") == "denied");
+    CHECK(python.strings("walk_outcomes") == std::vector<std::string>{"denied"});
+    CHECK(python.strings("copy_outcomes") == std::vector<std::string>{"denied", "denied"});
+    CHECK(python.str("loop_outcome") == "denied");
+    const std::string private_file = "open: " + python.str("PRIVATE") + "\n";
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts) == private_file + private_file + private_file + private_file + private_file);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("A saved directory walk covers each directory it lists", "[audit][Python]")
+{
+    AuditHarness harness;
+    if (!harness.initialized)
+        SKIP("Bundled Python interpreter unavailable: " + PythonInterpreter::instance().last_error());
+    harness.add_plugin(PLUGIN);
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    PythonSide python(harness);
+    PluginPermissions permissions;
+    permissions.fs_read = {python.str("TREE"), python.str("APPROVED")};
+    harness.save_permissions(PLUGIN, permissions);
+
+    // The walk lists the tree's two subdirectories on later resumes, after the plugin's own
+    // audited reads in between. Abandoned walks leave frames whose generator is gone, which the
+    // next audited event lets go.
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, R"PY(
+walked = []
+for root, dirs, files in os.walk(TREE):
+    walked.append(root)
+    open(APPROVED).close()
+globbed = list(pathlib.Path(TREE).glob("**/*"))
+
+abandoned = os.walk(TREE)
+next(abandoned)
+del abandoned
+open(APPROVED).close()
+for _ in pathlib.Path(TREE).glob("*"):
+    break
+open(APPROVED).close()
+)PY");
+
+    CHECK(py::len(python.globals["walked"]) == 3);
+    CHECK(py::len(python.globals["globbed"]) == 4);
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts).empty());
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("A freshly approved operation covers its nested events", "[audit][Python]")
+{
+    AuditHarness harness;
+    if (!harness.initialized)
+        SKIP("Bundled Python interpreter unavailable: " + PythonInterpreter::instance().last_error());
+    harness.add_plugin(PLUGIN);
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    PythonSide python(harness);
+
+    struct Case
+    {
+        const char* prompts;
+        const char* code;
+    };
+    // Each operation names targets no earlier one saved, so each is asked once. FsCreate and
+    // FsDelete grants are never saved, so those operations are asked every time. Only the
+    // expected prompts are approved, so a nested event left uncovered fails the operation.
+    std::vector<Case> cases = {
+        {"shutil.copytree", "shutil.copytree(TREE, os.path.join(OUTSIDE, 'copy'))"},
+        {"shutil.copyfile", "shutil.copyfile(APPROVED, os.path.join(OUTSIDE, 'copied.txt'))"},
+        {"shutil.move", "shutil.move(os.path.join(OUTSIDE, 'copied.txt'), os.path.join(OUTSIDE, 'moved.txt'))"},
+        {"shutil.copystat", "shutil.copystat(os.path.join(TREE, 'one', 'f.txt'), PRIVATE)"},
+        {"shutil.make_archive", "shutil.make_archive(os.path.join(OUTSIDE, 'archive'), 'zip', root_dir=TREE)"},
+        {"shutil.unpack_archive", "shutil.unpack_archive(os.path.join(OUTSIDE, 'archive.zip'), os.path.join(OUTSIDE, 'unpacked'))"},
+        {"pathlib.Path.glob", "list(pathlib.Path(TREE).glob('**/*'))"},
+        {"subprocess.Popen", "subprocess.run(TRUE_COMMAND, check=True)"},
+        {"tempfile.mkdtemp", "tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=OUTSIDE)"},
+        {"tempfile.mkstemp", "os.close(tempfile.mkstemp(dir=OUTSIDE)[0])"},
+        {"shutil.rmtree", "shutil.rmtree(os.path.join(OUTSIDE, 'copy'))"},
+        // send() runs after connect() has returned, so its own grant is asked once.
+        {"http.client.connect\nhttp.client.send",
+         "connection = http.client.HTTPConnection('127.0.0.1', PORT)\n"
+         "connection.request('GET', '/a')\n"
+         "connection.getresponse().read()\n"
+         "connection.close()"},
+    };
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    cases.push_back({"os.fwalk", "list(os.fwalk(os.path.join(OUTSIDE, 'unpacked')))"});
+    // The forked child's exec is covered by the spawn too: had it prompted, the child's own
+    // denial would end it with status 1.
+    cases.push_back({"pty.spawn", "spawn_status = spawn_checked(TRUE_COMMAND + ['spawned'])"});
+#endif
+
+    for (const Case& operation : cases) {
+        INFO(operation.code);
+        const std::string expected = std::string(operation.prompts) + "\n";
+        harness.approve = [&expected](const Prompt& prompt) {
+            return expected.find(prompt.event + "\n") != std::string::npos;
+        };
+        harness.prompts.clear();
+        python.run_as(PLUGIN, operation.code);
+
+        std::string asked;
+        for (const Prompt& prompt : harness.prompts)
+            asked += (asked.empty() ? "" : "\n") + prompt.event;
+        CHECK(asked == operation.prompts);
+    }
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    CHECK(python.eval("spawn_status") == "0");
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("An event with no target is granted by name and remembered", "[audit][Python]")
+{
+    AuditHarness harness;
+    if (!harness.initialized)
+        SKIP("Bundled Python interpreter unavailable: " + PythonInterpreter::instance().last_error());
+    harness.add_plugin(PLUGIN);
+    harness.approve = [](const Prompt& prompt) { return prompt.event != "socket.sendto"; };
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    PythonSide python(harness);
+
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, R"PY(
+socket.socket().close()
+udp = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+sendto_outcome = attempt(lambda: udp.sendto(b"x", ("127.0.0.1", 9)))
+udp.close()
+)PY");
+
+    // The socket is asked for once, without a target to show; the datagram's address is a target.
+    CHECK(python.str("sendto_outcome") == "denied");
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts) == "socket.__new__:\nsocket.sendto: ('127.0.0.1', 9)\n");
+    CHECK(harness.saved_permissions(PLUGIN).events == std::vector<std::string>{"Socket:socket.__new__"});
+    CHECK(harness.saved_permissions(PLUGIN).network_socket.empty());
+
+    harness.prompts.clear();
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, "socket.socket().close()");
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts).empty());
+
+    // A grant for an event with no target covers nothing else: a library's approved
+    // gethostname() does not carry the connection it makes next.
+    harness.approve = [](const Prompt& prompt) { return prompt.event == "socket.gethostname"; };
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, "connect_outcome = attempt(lambda: netlib.connect_from_host(PORT))");
+    CHECK(python.str("connect_outcome") == "denied");
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts) == "socket.gethostname:\nsocket.getaddrinfo: 127.0.0.1\n");
+    harness.prompts.clear();
+    harness.approve = [](const Prompt&) { return true; };
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    // sendmsg() without an address names no target either.
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, R"PY(
+left, right = socket.socketpair()
+left.sendmsg([b"x"])
+left.close()
+right.close()
+)PY");
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts) == "socket.sendmsg:\n");
+    CHECK(harness.saved_permissions(PLUGIN).events ==
+          std::vector<std::string>{"Socket:socket.__new__", "Socket:socket.gethostname", "Socket:socket.sendmsg"});
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("An event grant does not stand in for another access or a target of the same name", "[audit][Python]")
+{
+    AuditHarness harness;
+    if (!harness.initialized)
+        SKIP("Bundled Python interpreter unavailable: " + PythonInterpreter::instance().last_error());
+    harness.add_plugin(PLUGIN);
+    harness.approve = [asked = 0](const Prompt&) mutable { return asked++ == 0; };
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    PythonSide python(harness);
+    python.exec(R"PY(
+READ_FD = os.open(APPROVED, os.O_RDONLY)
+WRITE_FD = os.open(os.path.join(OUTSIDE, "scratch.txt"), os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT)
+)PY");
+
+    // A file descriptor has no path to show or save: a granted read of one is not a write.
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, R"PY(
+fd_outcomes = [attempt(lambda: open(READ_FD, "r", closefd=False).close()),
+               attempt(lambda: open(WRITE_FD, "w", closefd=False).close())]
+)PY");
+    CHECK(python.strings("fd_outcomes") == std::vector<std::string>{"ok", "denied"});
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts) == "open:\nopen:\n");
+    CHECK(harness.saved_permissions(PLUGIN).events == std::vector<std::string>{"FsRead:open"});
+
+    // A saved os.fork event grant is not an os.system command named "os.fork".
+    PluginPermissions permissions;
+    permissions.events = {"FsRead:open", "ProcessCreate:os.fork"};
+    harness.save_permissions(PLUGIN, permissions);
+    harness.prompts.clear();
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, R"PY(
+reread_outcome = attempt(lambda: open(READ_FD, "r", closefd=False).close())
+system_outcome = attempt(lambda: os.system("os.fork"))
+os.close(READ_FD)
+os.close(WRITE_FD)
+)PY");
+    CHECK(python.str("reread_outcome") == "ok");
+    CHECK(python.str("system_outcome") == "denied");
+    REQUIRE(harness.prompts.size() == 1);
+    CHECK(harness.prompts.front().event == "os.system");
+    CHECK(harness.saved_permissions(PLUGIN).process.empty());
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("A finalizer run when a root frame is let go is judged as the plugin without a prompt", "[audit][Python]")
+{
+    AuditHarness harness;
+    if (!harness.initialized)
+        SKIP("Bundled Python interpreter unavailable: " + PythonInterpreter::instance().last_error());
+    harness.add_plugin(PLUGIN);
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    PythonSide python(harness);
+    PluginPermissions permissions = http_grants({python.str("URL_A")});
+    permissions.fs_read           = {python.str("APPROVED")};
+    harness.save_permissions(PLUGIN, permissions);
+    PluginAuditManager& mgr = PluginAuditManager::instance();
+
+    // Once the request returns, only its held frame keeps the request object alive, and the
+    // request's finalizer reads a file the plugin was never granted.
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, "fetch(TrackedRequest(URL_A))");
+    CHECK(python.strings("finalizer_outcomes") == std::vector<std::string>{"denied"}); // at scope end
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts).empty());
+    CHECK_FALSE(mgr.audit_denial_pending());
+
+    python.exec("finalizer_outcomes.clear()");
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, R"PY(
+fetch(TrackedRequest(URL_A))
+open(APPROVED).close()  # the next event lets the returned request's frame go
+outcomes_before_scope_end = list(finalizer_outcomes)
+)PY");
+    CHECK(python.strings("outcomes_before_scope_end") == std::vector<std::string>{"denied"});
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts).empty());
+
+    // The finalizer's denial during another event's decision leaves that event's own denial intact.
+    python.exec("finalizer_outcomes.clear()");
+    python.run_as(PLUGIN, R"PY(
+fetch(TrackedRequest(URL_A))
+try:
+    os.listdir(OUTSIDE)
+    outer_error = ""
+except PermissionError as error:
+    outer_error = str(error)
+)PY");
+    CHECK(python.strings("finalizer_outcomes") == std::vector<std::string>{"denied"});
+    CHECK_THAT(python.str("outer_error"), Catch::Matchers::ContainsSubstring("os.listdir"));
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts) == "os.listdir: " + python.str("OUTSIDE") + "\n");
+    AuditViolation violation;
+    REQUIRE(mgr.last_violation(violation));
+    CHECK(violation.event_name == "os.listdir");
+    CHECK(mgr.audit_denial_pending());
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("A nested audit scope does not see the outer scope's running operations", "[audit][Python]")
+{
+    AuditHarness harness;
+    if (!harness.initialized)
+        SKIP("Bundled Python interpreter unavailable: " + PythonInterpreter::instance().last_error());
+    harness.add_plugin("PluginA");
+    harness.add_plugin("PluginB");
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    PythonSide python(harness);
+    PluginPermissions permissions;
+    permissions.fs_read = {python.str("TREE")};
+    harness.save_permissions("PluginA", permissions);
+
+    {
+        // Two walks plugin A started and suspended after listing the tree itself.
+        ScopedPluginAuditContext plugin_a("PluginA");
+        python.exec("first = os.walk(TREE)\nnext(first)\nsecond = os.walk(TREE)\nnext(second)");
+        {
+            // Plugin B resuming one of them is asked for each subdirectory, as plugin B.
+            ScopedPluginAuditContext plugin_b("PluginB");
+            python.exec("listed_by_b = len(list(first))");
+        }
+        // Back in plugin A's scope, its walks are covered again.
+        python.exec("listed_by_a = len(list(second))");
+    }
+
+    CHECK(python.globals["listed_by_b"].cast<int>() == 0);
+    CHECK(python.globals["listed_by_a"].cast<int>() == 2);
+    REQUIRE(harness.prompts.size() == 2);
+    for (const Prompt& prompt : harness.prompts) {
+        CHECK(prompt.plugin == "PluginB");
+        CHECK(prompt.event == "os.scandir");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("Root frames held when a capability call ends are let go with the GIL, as the plugin", "[audit][Python]")
+{
+    AuditHarness harness;
+    if (!harness.initialized)
+        SKIP("Bundled Python interpreter unavailable: " + PythonInterpreter::instance().last_error());
+    harness.approve = [](const Prompt& prompt) { return prompt.event == "os.walk"; };
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+    PythonSide python(harness);
+    (void) PythonPluginBridge::instance(); // force the embedded module registration into the binary
+    python.globals["orca"] = py::module_::import("orca");
+
+    // walk_and_drop() leaves a returned walk's frame held by the audit scope alone, with a marker
+    // in its locals; the frame is let go when the capability call ends, which runs the marker's
+    // finalizer.
+    python.exec(R"PY(
+class Marker:
+    def __init__(self, action=None):
+        self.action = action
+    def __del__(self):
+        finalized.append(self.action() if self.action else "ran")
+
+finalized = []
+
+def walk_and_drop(marker):
+    walker = os.walk(TREE, onerror=marker)
+    next(walker)
+    del walker
+
+class ConfigCapability(orca.PythonPluginBase):
+    def get_name(self):
+        return "config_cap"
+    def get_default_config(self):
+        walk_and_drop(Marker())
+        return {"finalized_during_call": len(finalized)}
+    def has_config_ui(self):
+        walker = os.walk(TREE, onerror=Marker(lambda: attempt(lambda: open(PRIVATE).close())))
+        next(walker)
+        attempt(lambda: os.listdir(OUTSIDE))  # denied: the trampoline clears the plugin key
+        del walker  # the walk's frame is now held by the audit scope alone
+        raise RuntimeError("the capability fails after a denial")
+
+class TicketAgent(orca.printer_agent.PrinterAgentBase):
+    def get_name(self):
+        return "ticket_agent"
+    def request_bind_ticket(self):
+        walk_and_drop(Marker())
+        return (0, "ticket")
+)PY");
+
+    py::object config_instance = python.globals["ConfigCapability"]();
+    auto       config_cap      = config_instance.cast<std::shared_ptr<PluginCapabilityInterface>>();
+    config_cap->set_audit_plugin_key("GilPlugin");
+    config_cap->set_resolved_identity("config_cap", PluginCapabilityType::Script);
+
+    py::object agent_instance = python.globals["TicketAgent"]();
+    auto       agent_cap      = agent_instance.cast<std::shared_ptr<PluginCapabilityInterface>>();
+    agent_cap->set_audit_plugin_key("GilPlugin");
+    agent_cap->set_resolved_identity("ticket_agent", PluginCapabilityType::PrinterConnection);
+    auto agent = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<IPrinterAgent>(agent_cap);
+    REQUIRE(agent);
+
+    // A host call arrives without the GIL; both calls take it before their audit scope.
+    nlohmann::json config;
+    int            ticket_result = -1;
+    std::string    ticket;
+    {
+        py::gil_scoped_release released;
+        config        = config_cap->get_default_config();
+        ticket_result = agent->request_bind_ticket(&ticket);
+    }
+    CHECK(config == nlohmann::json{{"finalized_during_call", 0}});
+    CHECK(ticket_result == 0);
+    CHECK(ticket == "ticket");
+    CHECK(python.strings("finalized") == std::vector<std::string>{"ran", "ran"});
+
+    // On the trampoline's denial path the frame is let go as the plugin, though the ambient key
+    // was cleared: the finalizer's read is audited and denied without a prompt.
+    python.exec("finalized.clear()");
+    harness.prompts.clear();
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(config_cap->has_config_ui(), py::error_already_set);
+    CHECK(python.strings("finalized") == std::vector<std::string>{"denied"});
+    CHECK(describe(harness.prompts) == "os.walk: " + python.str("TREE") + "\nos.listdir: " + python.str("OUTSIDE") + "\n");
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("Stdlib code is recognized through a symlinked Python home", "[audit][Python]")
+{
+    AuditHarness harness;
+    if (!harness.initialized)
+        SKIP("Bundled Python interpreter unavailable: " + PythonInterpreter::instance().last_error());
+    py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;
+
+    const py::dict paths   = py::module_::import("sysconfig").attr("get_paths")();
+    const fs::path stdlib  = py::str(paths["stdlib"]).cast<std::string>();
+    const fs::path purelib = py::str(paths["purelib"]).cast<std::string>();
+    const fs::path link    = harness.outside.path() / "linked-stdlib";
+    boost::system::error_code ec;
+    fs::create_directory_symlink(stdlib, link, ec);
+    if (ec)
+        SKIP("Cannot create a directory symlink here: " + ec.message());
+
+    CHECK(PluginAuditManager::is_stdlib_file((stdlib / "os.py").string()));
+    CHECK(PluginAuditManager::is_stdlib_file((link / "urllib" / "request.py").string()));
+    CHECK(PluginAuditManager::is_stdlib_file("<frozen os>"));
+    CHECK_FALSE(PluginAuditManager::is_stdlib_file((purelib / "requests" / "api.py").string()));
+    CHECK_FALSE(PluginAuditManager::is_stdlib_file((link / "site-packages" / "requests" / "api.py").string()));
+    CHECK_FALSE(PluginAuditManager::is_stdlib_file((harness.outside.path() / "plugin.py").string()));
+    CHECK_FALSE(PluginAuditManager::is_stdlib_file("<string>"));
+}