diff --git a/src/libslic3r/Format/bbs_3mf.cpp b/src/libslic3r/Format/bbs_3mf.cpp
index 61d5c48007..4ae316a055 100644
--- a/src/libslic3r/Format/bbs_3mf.cpp
+++ b/src/libslic3r/Format/bbs_3mf.cpp
@@ -1395,7 +1395,7 @@ void PlateData::parse_filament_info(GCodeProcessorResult *result)
 
         bool _handle_start_relationship(const char** attributes, unsigned int num_attributes);
 
-        void _generate_current_object_list(std::vector<Component> &sub_objects, Id object_id, IdToCurrentObjectMap& current_objects);
+        bool _generate_current_object_list(std::vector<Component> &sub_objects, Id object_id, IdToCurrentObjectMap& current_objects);
         bool _generate_volumes_new(ModelObject& object, const std::vector<Component> &sub_objects, const ObjectMetadata::VolumeMetadataList& volumes, ConfigSubstitutionContext& config_substitutions);
         //bool _generate_volumes(ModelObject& object, const Geometry& geometry, const ObjectMetadata::VolumeMetadataList& volumes, ConfigSubstitutionContext& config_substitutions);
 
@@ -2117,7 +2117,8 @@ void PlateData::parse_filament_info(GCodeProcessorResult *result)
                         return false;
                     }
                     std::vector<Component> object_id_list;
-                    _generate_current_object_list(object_id_list, object.first, m_current_objects);
+                    if (!_generate_current_object_list(object_id_list, object.first, m_current_objects))
+                        return false;
 
                     ObjectMetadata::VolumeMetadataList volumes;
                     ObjectMetadata::VolumeMetadataList* volumes_ptr = nullptr;
@@ -2216,7 +2217,8 @@ void PlateData::parse_filament_info(GCodeProcessorResult *result)
             }*/
 
             std::vector<Component> object_id_list;
-            _generate_current_object_list(object_id_list, object.first, m_current_objects);
+            if (!_generate_current_object_list(object_id_list, object.first, m_current_objects))
+                return false;
 
             ObjectMetadata::VolumeMetadataList volumes;
             ObjectMetadata::VolumeMetadataList* volumes_ptr = nullptr;
@@ -5071,11 +5073,18 @@ void PlateData::parse_filament_info(GCodeProcessorResult *result)
         return true;
     }
 
-    void _BBS_3MF_Importer::_generate_current_object_list(std::vector<Component> &sub_objects, Id object_id, IdToCurrentObjectMap &current_objects)
+    bool _BBS_3MF_Importer::_generate_current_object_list(std::vector<Component> &sub_objects, Id object_id, IdToCurrentObjectMap &current_objects)
     {
+        // A cycle in the component graph would expand forever, and an acyclic graph can still expand
+        // exponentially, so bound the number of component references queued. Checking before they are
+        // queued bounds the work list itself, whatever the fan-out. A valid file over the budget is
+        // rejected too, but the budget is way above the component references of any real object.
+        static constexpr size_t max_components = 100000;
+
         std::list<std::pair<Component, Transform3d>> id_list;
         id_list.push_back(std::make_pair(Component(object_id, Transform3d::Identity()), Transform3d::Identity()));
 
+        size_t num_components = 0;
         while (!id_list.empty())
         {
             auto current_item = id_list.front();
@@ -5085,6 +5094,12 @@ void PlateData::parse_filament_info(GCodeProcessorResult *result)
             if (current_object != current_objects.end()) {
                 //found one
                 if (!current_object->second.components.empty()) {
+                    num_components += current_object->second.components.size();
+                    if (num_components > max_components) {
+                        add_error("invalid 3mf: cyclic or too many component references");
+                        sub_objects.clear();
+                        return false;
+                    }
                     for (const Component &comp : current_object->second.components) {
                         id_list.push_back(std::pair(comp, current_item.second * comp.transform));
                     }
@@ -5096,6 +5111,7 @@ void PlateData::parse_filament_info(GCodeProcessorResult *result)
                 }
             }
         }
+        return true;
     }
 
     bool _BBS_3MF_Importer::_generate_volumes_new(ModelObject& object, const std::vector<Component> &sub_objects, const ObjectMetadata::VolumeMetadataList& volumes, ConfigSubstitutionContext& config_substitutions)
diff --git a/tests/libslic3r/test_3mf.cpp b/tests/libslic3r/test_3mf.cpp
index 9570cb3ecf..8439e8f846 100644
--- a/tests/libslic3r/test_3mf.cpp
+++ b/tests/libslic3r/test_3mf.cpp
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <type_traits> // for std::enable_if_t
 #include <typeinfo>    // for typeid
+#include <regex>
 #include <vector>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -415,6 +416,68 @@ TEST_CASE("A project with a plate id below 1 fails to load", "[3mf][Regression]"
     REQUIRE_FALSE(loaded);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE("A project whose components reference themselves fails to load", "[3mf][Regression]")
+{
+    // One self-reference keeps the expansion going without ever reaching a mesh. A thousand also make
+    // each expansion queue a thousand more, so the bound has to hold the work list, not just the loop.
+    const int references = GENERATE(1, 1000);
+    INFO("self-references " << references);
+
+    ScopedTemporaryFile temp(".3mf");
+    store_painted_cube(temp.string());
+
+    // Point the component back at the object that holds it, repeated `references` times.
+    REQUIRE(rewrite_3mf_entries(temp.string(), [references](std::string& name, std::string& data) {
+        if (!boost::algorithm::ends_with(name, "3dmodel.model"))
+            return false;
+        std::smatch match;
+        if (!std::regex_search(data, match, std::regex("<object id=\"([0-9]+)\"[^>]*>\\s*<components")))
+            return false;
+        data = std::regex_replace(data, std::regex("objectid=\"[0-9]+\""), "objectid=\"" + match[1].str() + "\"");
+        std::smatch component;
+        if (!std::regex_search(data, component, std::regex("<component [^>]*/>")))
+            return false;
+        std::string repeated;
+        for (int i = 0; i < references; ++i)
+            repeated += component.str();
+        data.replace(component.position(), component.length(), repeated);
+        return true;
+    }));
+
+    ScopedTemporaryDir backup_dir("orca_cycle_dst");
+    Model              model;
+    bool               loaded = true;
+    REQUIRE_NOTHROW(loaded = load_project(temp.string(), model, backup_dir));
+    REQUIRE_FALSE(loaded);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("An object loads up to the component reference budget and fails past it", "[3mf][Regression]")
+{
+    // The importer queues at most 100000 component references per object. Every reference besides the
+    // cube's own points at an object the file does not define: it counts toward the budget, then expands
+    // to nothing, so the object stays a single part whatever the count.
+    const auto [references, loads] = GENERATE(table<int, bool>({ { 100000, true }, { 100001, false } }));
+    INFO("component references " << references);
+
+    ScopedTemporaryFile temp(".3mf");
+    store_painted_cube(temp.string());
+
+    std::string dangling;
+    for (int i = 1; i < references; ++i)
+        dangling += "<component objectid=\"999999\"/>";
+    REQUIRE(replace_in_3mf_entry(temp.string(), "3dmodel.model", "</components>", dangling + "</components>"));
+
+    ScopedTemporaryDir backup_dir("orca_budget_dst");
+    Model              model;
+    bool               loaded = !loads;
+    REQUIRE_NOTHROW(loaded = load_project(temp.string(), model, backup_dir));
+    REQUIRE(loaded == loads);
+    if (loads) {
+        REQUIRE(model.objects.size() == 1);
+        CHECK(model.objects.front()->volumes.size() == 1);
+    }
+}
+
 TEST_CASE("A project with malformed paint data loads without the damaged facet", "[3mf][Regression]")
 {
     ScopedTemporaryFile temp(".3mf");