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doc/print_settings/quality/quality_settings_layer_height.md

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+# Layer Height
+
+This setting controls how tall each printed layer will be. Typically, a smaller layer height produces a better-looking part with less jagged edges, especially around curved sections (like the top of a sphere). However, lower layer heights mean more layers to print, proportionally increasing print time.
+
+### Tips:
+1. **The optimal layer height depends on the size of your nozzle**. The set layer height must not be taller than 80% of the diameter of the nozzle, else there is little "squish" between the printed layer and the layer below, leading to weaker parts.
+
+2. While technically there is no limit to how small a layer height one can use, **typically most printers struggle to print reliably with a layer height that is smaller than 20% of the nozzle diameter**. This is because with smaller layer heights, less material is extruded per mm and, at some point, the tolerances of the extruder system result in variations in the flow to such an extent that visible artifacts occur, especially if printing at high speeds. 
+
+For example, it is not uncommon to see "fish scale" type patterns on external walls when printing with a 0.4 mm nozzle at 0.08 mm layer height at speeds of 200mm/sec+. If you observe that pattern, simply increase your layer height to 30% of your nozzle height and/or slow down the print speed considerably.
+
+# First Layer Height
+
+This setting controls how tall the first layer of the print will be. Typically, this is set to 50% of the nozzle width for optimal bed adhesion.
+
+### Tip:
+A thicker first layer is more forgiving to slight variations to the evenness of the build surface, resulting in a more uniform, visually, first layer. Set it to 0.25mm for a 0.4mm nozzle, for example, if your build surface is uneven or your printer has a slightly inconsistent z offset between print runs. However, as a rule of thumb, try not to exceed 65% of the nozzle width so as to not compromise bed adhesion too much.

doc/print_settings/quality/quality_settings_line_width.md

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+# Line Width
+
+These settings control how wide the extruded lines are.
+
+- **Default**: The default line width in mm or as a percentage of the nozzle size.
+  
+- **First Layer**: The line width of the first layer. Typically, this is wider than the rest of the print, to promote better bed adhesion. See tips below for why.
+  
+- **Outer Wall**: The line width in mm or as a percentage of the nozzle size used when printing the model’s external wall perimeters.
+  
+- **Inner Wall**: The line width in mm or as a percentage of the nozzle size used when printing the model’s internal wall perimeters.
+  
+- **Top Surface**: The line width in mm or as a percentage of the nozzle size used when printing the model’s top surface.
+  
+- **Sparse Infill**: The line width in mm or as a percentage of the nozzle size used when printing the model’s sparse infill.
+  
+- **Internal Solid Infill**: The line width in mm or as a percentage of the nozzle size used when printing the model’s internal solid infill.
+  
+- **Support**: The line width in mm or as a percentage of the nozzle size used when printing the model’s support structures.
+
+
+## Tips:
+1. **Typically, the line width will be anything from 100% up to 150% of the nozzle width**. Due to the way the slicer’s flow math works, a 100% line width will attempt to extrude slightly “smaller” than the nozzle size and when squished onto the layer below will match the nozzle orifice. You can read more on the flow math here: [Flow Math](https://manual.slic3r.org/advanced/flow-math).
+
+2. **For most cases, the minimum acceptable recommended line width is 105% of the nozzle diameter**, typically reserved for the outer walls, where greater precision is required. A wider line is less precise than a thinner line.
+
+3. **Wider lines provide better adhesion to the layer below**, as the material is squished more with the previous layer. For parts that need to be strong, setting this value to 120-150% of the nozzle diameter is recommended and has been experimentally proven to significantly increase part strength.
+
+4. **Wider lines improve step over and overhang appearance**, i.e., the overlap of the currently printed line to the surface below. So, if you are printing models with overhangs, setting a larger external perimeter line width will improve the overhang’s appearance to an extent.
+
+5. **For top surfaces, typically a value of ~100%-105% of the nozzle width is recommended** as it provides the most precision, compared to a wider line.
+
+6. **For external walls, you need to strike a balance between precision and step over and, consequently, overhang appearance.** Typically these values are set to ~105% of nozzle diameter for models with limited overhangs up to ~120% for models with more significant overhangs.
+
+7. **For internal walls, you typically want to maximize part strength**, so a good starting point is approximately 120% of the nozzle width, which gives a good balance between print speed, accuracy, and material use. However, depending on the model, larger or smaller line widths may make sense in order to reduce gap fill and/or line width variations if you are using Arachne.
+
+8. **Don’t feel constrained to have wider internal wall lines compared to external ones**. While this is the default for most profiles, for models where significant overhangs are present, printing wider external walls compared to the internal ones may yield better overhang quality without increasing material use!
+
+9. **For sparse infill, the line width also affects how dense, visually, the sparse infill will be.** The sparse infill aims to extrude a set amount of material based on the percentage infill selected. When increasing the line width, the space between the sparse infill extrusions is larger in order to roughly maintain the same material usage. Typically for sparse infill, a value of 120% of nozzle diameter is a good starting point.
+
+10. **For supports, using 100% or less line width will make the supports weaker** by reducing their layer adhesion, making them easier to remove.
+
+11. **If your printer is limited mechanically, try to maintain the material flow as consistent as possible between critical features of your model**, to ease the load on the extruder having to adapt its flow between them. This is especially useful for printers that do not use pressure advance/linear advance and if your extruder is not as capable mechanically. You can do that by adjusting the line widths and speeds to reduce the variation between critical features (e.g., external and internal wall flow). For example, print them at the same speed and the same line width, or print the external perimeter slightly wider and slightly slower than the internal perimeter. Material flow can be visualized in the sliced model – flow drop down.

doc/print_settings/quality/quality_settings_seam.md

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+# Seam Section
+
+Unless printed in spiral vase mode, every layer needs to begin somewhere and end somewhere. That start and end of the extrusion is what results in what visually looks like a seam on the perimeters. This section contains options to control the visual appearance of a seam.
+
+- **Seam Position**: Controls the placement of the seam. 
+  1. **Aligned**: Will attempt to align the seam to a hidden internal facet of the model.
+  2. **Nearest**: Will place the seam at the nearest starting point compared to where the nozzle stopped printing in the previous layer.
+  3. **Back**: Will align the seam in a (mostly) straight line at the rear of the model.
+  4. **Random**: Will randomize the placement of the seam between layers.
+  
+  Typically, aligned or back work the best, especially in combination with seam painting. However, as seams create weak points and slight surface "bulges" or "divots," random seam placement may be optimal for parts that need higher strength as that weak point is spread to different locations between layers (e.g., a pin meant to fit through a hole).
+
+- **Staggered Inner Seams**: As the seam location forms a weak point in the print (it's a discontinuity in the extrusion process after all!), staggering the seam on the internal perimeters can help reduce stress points. This setting moves the start of the internal wall's seam around across layers as well as away from the external perimeter seam. This way, the internal and external seams don't all align at the same point and between them across layers, distributing those weak points further away from the seam location, hence making the part stronger. It can also help improve the water tightness of your model.
+
+- **Seam Gap**: Controls the gap in mm or as a percentage of the nozzle size between the two ends of a loop starting and ending with a seam. A larger gap will reduce the bulging seen at the seam. A smaller gap reduces the visual appearance of a seam. For a well-tuned printer with pressure advance, a value of 0-15% is typically optimal.
+
+- **Scarf Seam**: Read more here: [Better Seams - An Orca Slicer Guide](https://www.printables.com/model/783313-better-seams-an-orca-slicer-guide-to-using-scarf-s).
+
+- **Role-Based Wipe Speed**: Controls the speed of a wipe motion, i.e., how fast the nozzle will move over a printed area to "clean" it before traveling to another area of the model. It is recommended to turn this option on, to ensure the nozzle performs the wipe motion with the same speed that the feature was printed with.
+
+- **Wipe Speed**: If role-based wipe speed is disabled, set this field to the absolute wipe speed or as a percentage over the travel speed.
+
+- **Wipe on Loops**: When finishing printing a "loop" (i.e., an extrusion that starts and ends at the same point), move the nozzle slightly inwards towards the part. That move aims to reduce seam unevenness by tucking in the end of the seam to the part. It also slightly cleans the nozzle before traveling to the next area of the model, reducing stringing.
+
+- **Wipe Before External Perimeters**: To minimize the visibility of potential over-extrusion at the start of an external perimeter, the de-retraction move is performed slightly on the inside of the model and, hence, the start of the external perimeter. That way, any potential over-extrusion is hidden from the outside surface.
+
+  This is useful when printing with Outer/Inner or Inner/Outer/Inner wall print order, as in these modes, it is more likely an external perimeter is printed immediately after a de-retraction move, which would cause slight extrusion variance at the start of a seam.
+
+## Tips:
+With seams being inevitable when 3D printing using FFF, there are two distinct approaches on how to deal with them:
+
+1. **Try and hide the seam as much as possible**: This can be done by enabling scarf seam, which works very well, especially with simple models with limited overhang regions.
+2. **Try and make the seam as "clean" and "distinct" as possible**: This can be done by tuning the seam gap and enabling role-based wipe speed, wipe on loops, and wipe before the external loop.
+
+## Troubleshooting Seam Performance:
+The section below will focus on troubleshooting traditional seams. For scarf seam troubleshooting, refer to the guide linked above.
+
+There are several factors that influence how clean the seam of your model is, with the biggest one being extrusion control after a travel move. As a seam defines the start and end of an extrusion, it is critical that:
+
+1. **The same amount of material is extruded at the same point across layers** to ensure a consistent visual appearance at the start of a seam.
+2. **The printer consistently stops extruding at the same point** across layers.
+
+However, due to mechanical and material tolerances, as well as the very nature of 3D printing with FFF, that is not always possible. Hopefully with some tuning you'll be able to achieve prints like this!
+
+![IMG_4059](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/e60c3d24-9b21-4484-bcbe-614237a2fe09)
+
+
+### Troubleshooting the Start of a Seam:
+Imagine the scenario where the toolhead finishes printing a layer line on one side of the bed, retracts, travels the whole distance of the bed to de-retract, and starts printing another part. Compare this to the scenario where the toolhead finishes printing an internal perimeter and only travels a few mm to start printing an external perimeter, without even retracting or de-retracting.
+
+The first scenario has much more opportunity for the filament to ooze outside the nozzle, resulting in a small blob forming at the start of the seam or, conversely, if too much material has leaked, a gap/under extrusion at the start of the seam.
+
+The key to a consistent start of a seam is to reduce the opportunity for ooze as much as possible. The good news is that this is mostly tunable by:
+
+1. **Ensure your pressure advance is calibrated correctly**. A too low pressure advance will result in the nozzle experiencing excess pressure at the end of the previous extrusion, which increases the chance of oozing when traveling.
+2. **Make sure your travel speed is as fast as possible within your printer's limits**, and the travel acceleration is as high as practically possible, again within the printer's limits. This reduces the travel time between features, reducing oozing.
+3. **Enable wipe before external perimeters** – this setting performs the de-retraction move inside the model, hence reducing the visual appearance of the "blob" if it does appear at the seam.
+4. **Increase your travel distance threshold to be such that small travel moves do not trigger a retraction and de-retraction operation**, reducing extrusion variances caused by the extruder tolerances. 2-4mm is a good starting point as, if your PA is tuned correctly and your travel speed and acceleration are high, it is unlikely that the nozzle will ooze in the milliseconds it will take to travel to the new location.
+5. **Enable retract on layer change**, to ensure the start of your layer is always performed under the same conditions – a de-pressurized nozzle with retracted filament.
+
+In addition, some toolhead systems are inherently better at seams compared to others. For example, high-flow nozzles with larger melt zones usually have poorer extrusion control as more of the material is in a molten state inside the nozzle. They tend to string more, ooze easier, and hence have poorer seam performance. Conversely, smaller melt zone nozzles have more of the filament solid in their heat zone, leading to more accurate extrusion control and better seam performance.
+
+So this is a trade-off between print speed and print quality. From experimental data, volcano-type nozzles tend to perform the worst at seams, followed by CHT-type nozzles, and finally regular flow nozzles.
+
+In addition, larger nozzle diameters allow for more opportunity for material to leak compared to smaller diameter nozzles. A 0.2/0.25 mm nozzle will have significantly better seam performance than a 0.4, and that will have much better performance than a 0.6mm nozzle and so forth.
+
+### Troubleshooting the End of a Seam:
+The end of a seam is much easier to get right, as the extrusion system is already at a pressure equilibrium while printing. It just needs to stop extruding at the right time and consistently.
+
+**If you are getting bulges at the seam**, the extruder is not stopping at the right time. The first thing to tune would be **pressure advance** – too low of a PA will result in the nozzle still being pressurized when finishing the print move, hence leaving a wider line at the end as it stops printing.
+
+And the opposite is true too – **too high PA will result in under extrusion at the end of a print move**, shown as a larger-than-needed gap at the seam. Thankfully, tuning PA is straightforward, so run the calibration tests and pick the optimal value for your material, print speed, and acceleration.
+
+Furthermore, the printer mechanics have tolerances – the print head may be requested to stop at point XY but practically it cannot stop precisely at that point due to the limits of micro-stepping, belt tension, and toolhead rigidity. Here is where tuning the seam gap comes into effect. **A slightly larger seam gap will allow for more variance to be tolerated at the end of a print move before showing as a seam bulge**. Experiment with this value after you are certain your PA is tuned correctly and your travel speeds and retractions are set appropriately.
+
+Finally, the techniques of **wiping can help improve the visual continuity and consistency of a seam** (please note, these settings do not make the seam less visible, but rather make them more consistent!). Wiping on loops with a consistent speed helps tuck in the end of the seam, hiding the effects of retraction from view.
+
+### The Role of Wall Ordering in Seam Appearance:
+The order of wall printing plays a significant role in the appearance of a seam. **Starting to print the external perimeter first after a long travel move will always result in more visible artifacts compared to printing the internal perimeters first and traveling just a few mm to print the external perimeter.**
+
+For optimal seam performance, printing with **inner-outer-inner wall order is typically best, followed by inner-outer**. It reduces the amount of traveling performed prior to printing the external perimeter and ensures the nozzle is having as consistent pressure as possible, compared to printing outer-inner.

doc/print_settings/speed/extrusion-rate-smoothing.md

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+<h1>Extrusion rate smoothing</h1>
+
+Extrusion rate smoothing (ERS), also known as pressure equalizer in Prusa Slicer, aims to **limit the rate of extrusion volume change to be below a user set threshold (the ERS value).** It aims to assist the printer firmware internal motion planners, pressure advance in achieving the desired nozzle flow and reducing deviations against the ideal flow. 
+
+This happens by reducing the stresses put on the extrusion system as well as reducing the absolute deviations from the ideal extrusion flow caused by pressure advance smooth time. 
+
+This feature is especially helpful when printing at high accelerations and large flow rates as the deviations are larger in these cases.
+
+![Screenshot 2023-09-18 at 22 44 26](https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/assets/59056762/281b9c78-9f5c-428e-86b9-509de099a3e7)
+
+<h2>Theory</h2>
+
+Enabling this feature creates a small **speed "ramp"** by slowing down and ramping up print speeds prior to and after the features causing a sudden change in extrusion flow rate needs, such as overhangs and overhang perimeters. 
+
+This works by breaking down the printed line segments into smaller "chunks", proportional to the ERS segment length, and reduces the print speed of these segments so that the **requested extrusion volumetric flow rate change is less than or equal to the ERS threshold**.
+
+In summary, **it takes the "edge" off rapid extrusion changes caused by acceleration/deceleration as these are now spread over a longer distance and time.** Therefore, it can reduce wall artefacts that show when the print speeds change suddenly. These artefacts are occuring because the extruder and firmware cannot perfectly adhere to the requested by the slicer flow rates, especially when the extrusion rate is changing rapidly. 
+
+**The example below shows the artefact that is mitigated by ERS.**
+![ERS Disabled](https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/assets/59056762/31fdbf91-2067-4286-8bc1-4f7de4a628b6)
+
+The bulging visible above is due to the extruder not being able to respond fast enough against the required speed change when printing with high accelerations and high speeds and requested to slow down for an overhang. 
+
+In the above scenario, the printer (Bambu Lab X1 Carbon) was requested to slow down from a 200mm/sec print speed to 40mm/sec at an acceleration of 5k/sec2. **The extruder could not keep up with the pressure change, resulting in a slight bump ahead at the point of speed change.**
+
+This parameter interacts with the below printer kinematic settings and physical limits:
+
+
+**1. The limits of the extruder system** - how fast can it change pressure in the nozzle
+
+**2. The configured pressure advance values** - that also affect pressure changes in the nozzle
+
+**3. The acceleration profile of the printer** - higher accelerations mean higher pressure changes
+
+**4. The pressure advance smooth time (klipper)** - higher smooth time means higher deviation from ideal extrusion, hence more opportunity for this feature to be useful.
+
+
+<h3>Acceleration vs. Extrusion rate smoothing</h3>
+A printer's motion system does not exactly follow the speed changes seen in the gcode preview screen of Orca slicer. 
+
+
+When a speed change is requested, the firmware look ahead planner calculates the slow down needed to achieve the target speed. The rate of slowdown is limited by the move's acceleration value. 
+
+**Lets consider an example.** Assume printing an overhang wall with **2k external wall acceleration**, were the printer is called to slow down from **200mm/sec to 40mm/sec**.
+
+This deceleration move would happen over approximately 9.6mm. This is derived from the following equation:
+
+![image](https://github.com/igiannakas/OrcaSlicer/assets/59056762/4ba0356b-49ab-428c-ab10-f2c88bcc1bcb)
+
+![image](https://github.com/igiannakas/OrcaSlicer/assets/59056762/3958deb5-fbc3-4d07-8903-4575033717fd)
+
+The time taken to decelerate to this new speed would be approx. 0.08 seconds, derived from the following equation:
+
+![image](https://github.com/igiannakas/OrcaSlicer/assets/59056762/ea9f19b4-defe-4656-9ecc-a6576c87d8e0)
+
+A printer printing at 200mm/sec with a 0.42 line width and 0.16 layer height would be extruding plastic at approx. 12.16mm3/sec, as can also be seen from the below visual.
+
+![image](https://github.com/igiannakas/OrcaSlicer/assets/59056762/83242b26-7174-4da1-b815-d9fcec767bcd)
+
+When the printer is extruding at 40mm/sec with the same line width and layer height as above, the flow rate is 2.43mm3/sec.
+
+So what we are asking the extruder to do in this example is **slow down from 12.16mm3/sec flow to 2.43mm3/sec flow in 0.08 seconds** or an extrusion change rate of 121mm3/sec2. 
+
+**This value is proportional to the acceleration of the printer. At 4k this value doubles, at 1k it is half and is independent of the speed of movement or starting and ending speeds.**
+
+**This value is also proportional to the line width - double the line width will result in double the extrusion rate change and vice versa. Same for layer height.**
+
+So, continuing with the worked example, a 2k acceleration produces an extrusion rate change ramp of 121mm3/sec2. **Therefore, setting a value higher than this would not bring any benefit to the print quality as the motion system would slow down less aggressively based on its acceleration settings.**
+
+**Therefore, the acceleration values act as a meaningfull upper limit to this setting.** An indicative set of values has been provided later in this page.
+
+<h3>Pressure advance vs extrusion rate smoothing</h3>
+
+Then we need to consider pressure advance and smooth time as factors that influence extrusion rate.
+
+**Pressure Advance** adjusts the extruder's speed to account for the pressure changes inside the hot end’s melt zone. When the print head moves and extrudes filament, there's a delay between the movement of the extruder gear and the plastic being extruded due to the compressibility of the molten plastic in the hot end. This delay can cause too much plastic to be extruded when the print head starts moving or not enough plastic when the print head stops, leading to issues like blobbing or under-extrusion.
+
+**Pressure Advance Smooth time** helps to mitigate potential negative effects on print quality due to the rapid changes in extruder flow rate, which are controlled by the Pressure Advance algorithm. This parameter essentially adds a smoothing effect to the adjustments made by Pressure Advance, aiming to prevent sharp or sudden changes in the extrusion rate.
+
+When Pressure Advance adjusts the extruder speed to compensate for the pressure build-up or reduction in the hot end, it can lead to abrupt changes in the flow rate. These abrupt changes can potentially cause issues like:
+
+1. Extruder motor skipping,
+2. Increased wear on the extruder gear and filament,
+3. Visible artifacts on the print surface due to non-uniform extrusion.
+
+The smooth time setting introduces a controlled delay over which the Pressure Advance adjustments are spread out. This results in a more gradual application or reduction of extrusion pressure, leading to smoother transitions in filament flow. 
+
+The trade-off is extrusion accuracy. There is a deviation between the requested extrusion amount and the actual extrusion amount due to this smoothing.
+
+**1. Increasing Smooth Time:** Leads to more gradual changes in extrusion pressure. While this can reduce artifacts and stress on the extruder system, setting it too high may diminish the effectiveness of Pressure Advance, as the compensation becomes too delayed to counteract the pressure dynamics accurately.
+
+**2. Decreasing Smooth Time:** Makes the Pressure Advance adjustments more immediate, which can improve the responsiveness of pressure compensation but may also reintroduce abrupt changes in flow rate, potentially leading to the issues mentioned above.
+
+In essence, p**ressure advance smooth time creates an intentional deviation from the ideal extruder rotation** and, therefore, extrusion amount, to allow the printer's extruder to perform within its mechanical limits. Typically, this value is set to 0.04sec, which means that when Pressure Advance adjusts the extruder's flow rate to compensate for changes in pressure within the hot end, these adjustments are spread out over a period of 0.04 seconds. 
+
+There is a great example of pressure advance smooth time induced deviations [here](https://klipper.discourse.group/t/pressure-advance-smooth-time-skews-pressure-advance/13451) that is worth a read to get more insight in this trade-off.
+
+In the worked example above, **we need to set an Extrusion Rate smoothing value enough to decrease the error introduced by pressure advance smooth time against the produced output flow.** The lower the extrusion rate smoothing value, the lower the changes in flow over time hence the lower the absolute deviation from the ideal extrusion caused by the smooth time algorithm. However, going too low will result in a material decrease in overall print speed, as the print speed will be materially reduced to achieve low extrusion deviations between features, for no real benefit after a point.
+
+**The best way to find what the lower beneficial limit is through experimentation.** Print an object with sharp overhangs that are slowed down because off the overhang print speed settings and observe for extrusion inconsistencies. 
+
+<h2>Finding the ideal Extrusion Rate smoothing value</h2>
+
+**Firstly, this value needs to be lower than the extrusion rate changes resulting from the acceleration profile of the printer.** As, generally, the greatest impact is in external wall finish, use your external perimeter acceleration as a point of reference. 
+
+**Below are some approximate ERS values for 0.42 line width and 0.16 layer height.**
+1. 30mm3/sec for 0.5k acceleration
+2. 60.5mm3/sec for 1k acceleration
+3. 121mm3/sec2 for 2k acceleration
+4. 242mm3/sec2 for 4k acceleration
+
+**Below are some approximate ERS values for 0.42 line width and 0.20 layer height.**
+1. 38mm3/sec for 0.5k acceleration
+2. 76mm3/sec for 1k acceleration
+3. 150mm3/sec2 for 2k acceleration
+4. 300mm3/sec2 for 4k acceleration
+
+**Below are some approximate ERS values for 0.45 line width and 0.16 layer height.**
+1. 32mm3/sec for 0.5k acceleration
+2. 65mm3/sec for 1k acceleration
+3. 129mm3/sec2 for 2k acceleration
+4. 260mm3/sec2 for 4k acceleration
+
+**So, your tuning starting point needs to be an ERS value that is less than this.** A good point experiment with test prints would be **a value of 60-80%** of the above maximum values. This will give some meaningful assistance to pressure advance, reducing the deviation introduced by pressure advance smooth time. The greater the smooth time, the greater the quality benefit will be.
+
+Therefore, for a **0.42 line width and 0.16 layer height**, the below are a recommended set of starting ERS values
+1. 18-25mm3/sec for 0.5k acceleration
+2. 35-50mm3/sec for 1k acceleration
+3. 70-100mm3/sec2 for 2k acceleration
+4. 145-200mm3/sec2 for 4k acceleration
+
+If you are printing with a 0.2 layer height, you can increase these values by 25% and similarly reduce if printing with lower.
+
+**The second factor is your extruder's mechanical abilities.** Direct drive extruders with a good grip on the filament typically are more responsive to extrusion rate changes. Similarly with stiff filaments. So, a Bowden printer or when printing softer material like TPU or soft PLAs like polyterra there is more opportunity for the extruder to slip or deviate from the desired extrusion amount due to mechanical grip or material deformation or just delay in propagating the pressure changes (in a Bowden setup).
+
+**The final factor is the deviation introduced by pressure advance smooth time**, or equivalents in closed source firmware. The higher this value the larger the extrusion deviation from ideal. If you are using a direct drive extruder, reduce this value to 0.02 in your klipper firmware before tuning ERS, as a lower value results in lower deviations to mitigate. Then proceed to experimentaly tune ERS. 
+
+**So where does that leave us?**
+
+Perform a test print with the above ERS settings as a starting point and adjust to your liking! If you notice budging on sharp overhangs where speed changes, like the hull of the benchy, reduce this value by 10% and try again. 
+
+If you're not noticing any artefacts, increase by 10%, but don’t go over the maximum values recommended above because then this feature would have no effect in your print.
+
+<h2>A note for Bowden printers using marlin without pressure advance. </h2>
+If your printer is not equipped with pressure advance and, especially, if you are using a Bowden setup, you don’t have the benefit of pressure advance dynamically adjusting your flow. 
+
+
+In this special case, ERS will be doing all the heavy lifting that pressure advance would typically perform. In this scenario a low value of 8-10mm3/sec is usually recommended, irrespective of your acceleration settings, to smooth out pressure changes in the extrusion system as much as possible without impacting print speed too much. 
+
+<h2>A note on ERS Segment length </h2>
+Ideally you want this value set to 1 to allow for the largest number of steps between each speed transition. However, this may result in a too large of a gcode, with too many commands sent to your MCU per second and it may not be able to keep up. It will also slow down the Orca slicer front end as the sliced model is more complex to render.
+
+
+For Klipper printers, a segment length of 1 works OK as the RPI or similar have enough computational power to handle the gcode command volume. 
+
+Similarly, for a Bambu lab printer, a segment length of 1 works well. **However, if you do notice your printer stuttering or stalling** (which may be the case with the lower powered P1 series printers) **or getting "Timer too close" errors** in Klipper, **increase this value to 2 or 3**. This would reduce the effectiveness of the setting but will present a more manageable load to your printer.
+
+<h2>Limitations</h2>
+
+**This feature can only work where speed changes are induced by the slicer** - for example when transitioning from fast to slow print moves when printing overhangs, bridges and from printing internal features to external features and vice versa. 
+
+However, it will not affect extruder behaviour when the printer is slowing down due to firmware commands - for example when turning around corners. 
+
+In this case, the printer slows down and then accelerates independently of what the slicer has requested. In this case, the slicer is commanding a consistent speed; however, the printer is adjusting this to operate within its printer kinematic limits (SCV/Jerk) and accelerations. As the slicer is not aware of this slow down, it cannot apply pre-emptive extrusion rate smoothing to the feature and instead, the changes are governed by the printer firmware exclusively.
+
+<h2>Credits</h2>
+
+**Original feature authors and creators:** The Prusa Slicer team, including [@bubnikv](https://github.com/bubnikv), [@hejllukas](https://github.com/hejllukas)
+
+**Enhanced by:** [@MGunlogson](https://github.com/MGunlogson), introducing the feature to external perimeters, enhancing it by taking into account travel, retraction and implementing near-contiguous extrusions pressure equalizer adjustments.
+
+**Ported to Orca:** [@igiannakas](https://github.com/igiannakas)
+
+**Enhanced by:** [@noisyfox](https://github.com/Noisyfox), per object pressure equalization and fixing calculation logic bugs
+
+**Wiki page:** [@igiannakas](https://github.com/igiannakas)
+
+**Overall Orca owner and assurance:** [@softfever](https://github.com/SoftFever)
+
+**Community testing and feedback:** [@HakunMatat4](https://github.com/HakunMatat4), [@psiberfunk](https://github.com/psiberfunk), [@u3dreal](https://github.com/u3dreal) and more
+